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Related Concept Videos

Conformity01:20

Conformity

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Conformity is the change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if that person does not agree with the group.
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Conformations of Butane02:20

Conformations of Butane

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Unlike ethane and propane that have only two major conformations, butane has more than two conformers. The staggered form of butane in which the bulky methyl groups on the two carbons are placed on opposite sides, that is, at a dihedral angle of 180°, is the lowest energy, most stable form — called the anti conformer. This conformation is stabilized due to the absence of steric repulsion between the largely spaced out methyl groups. The other two staggered conformations are...
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Conformations of Cycloalkanes02:29

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

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Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused by the deviation of bond angles from the ideal 109.5° tetrahedral value for sp3  hybridized carbons. However, while cyclopropane and cyclobutane are strained, as expected from their highly compressed bond angles, cyclopentane is more strained than predicted, and cyclohexane is virtually strain-free. Hence, Baeyer’s theory that...
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Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

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Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
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Conformations of Ethane and Propane02:18

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

17.5K
In an organic molecule, free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond results in energetically different conformers of the molecule. Due to this rotation, called the internal rotation, ethane has two major conformations — staggered and eclipsed.
Staggered conformation is a low energy and more stable conformation with the C-H bonds on the front carbon placed at 60°dihedral angles relative to the C-H bonds on the back carbon, leading to a reduced torsional strain. In staggered...
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Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

18.9K
The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...
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Related Experiment Video

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Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography
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Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

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Conformal Robotic Stereolithography.

Adam G Stevens1,2, C Ryan Oliver1,2, Matthieu Kirchmeyer1,3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering and Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing
|March 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new robotic system enables stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing on curved surfaces, overcoming traditional limitations. This innovation allows for conformal patterns and freeform object construction without supports.

Keywords:
photopatterningprojection lithographyroboticsstereolithography

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Area of Science:

  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Robotics
  • Photopolymerization

Background:

  • Traditional stereolithography (SLA) is limited to planar substrates and build directions.
  • Existing SLA methods lack the flexibility for complex, non-planar geometries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robotic system for maskless layerwise photopolymerization on curved surfaces.
  • To enable the production of large-area conformal patterns and freeform objects.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an industrial six-axis robot with a custom maskless projector end effector.
  • Developed a workflow involving substrate meshing, curved layer toolpath generation, and coordinated robotic motion.
  • Demonstrated printing on spherical substrates of varying sizes.

Main Results:

  • Successfully printed conformal photopatterns on spheres.
  • Constructed miniature 3D objects on spheres without needing support structures.
  • Showcased the system's capability for maskless, layerwise photopolymerization on non-planar surfaces.

Conclusions:

  • The robotic system overcomes SLA's planar limitations, enabling conformal 3D printing on curved surfaces.
  • Further advancements in motion accuracy and toolpath development can expand capabilities for larger, support-free objects.