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Protected area effectiveness against land development in Spain.

David Rodríguez-Rodríguez1, Javier Martínez-Vega2

  • 1Institute of Economy, Geography and Demography, Spanish National Research Council (IEGD-CSIC), Associated Unit GEOLAB, C/Albasanz, 26-28, 28037, Madrid, Spain; University of Malaga, Andalucía Tech, European Topic Centre-Universidad of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29010, Malaga, Spain.

Journal of Environmental Management
|March 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Protected areas (PAs) in Spain generally prevented artificial land cover increase, with Nature Reserves being most effective. However, effectiveness varied by PA type and legal designations did not consistently improve outcomes.

Keywords:
BACI designLand use-land coverLegal protectionManagementPerformanceReserve network

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Conservation Biology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Land use-land cover (LULC) changes, particularly towards artificial surfaces, pose significant threats to global biodiversity.
  • Assessing the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) in mitigating these changes is crucial for conservation efforts, especially in rapidly transforming regions like Spain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of different protected area (PA) networks in Spain in preventing artificial land cover increase (ALCI).
  • To test methodological hypotheses and a new covariate control technique for PA assessment.
  • To analyze the influence of variables like legislation stringency, management, size, age, and bio-physical characteristics on PA effectiveness.

Main Methods:

  • A multiple Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) semi-experimental design was employed.
  • Artificial land cover increase (ALCI) and proportional artificial land cover increase (PALCI) were compared inside and outside four PA networks (Nature Reserves, Nature Parks, Sites of Community Importance, Special Protection Areas) using 1km and 5km buffer zones as controls.
  • Land cover data from Corine Land Cover (CLC) 1990 and 2006 were utilized.
  • Three spatial-statistical models with progressively refined control area selection criteria were compared.

Main Results:

  • Protected areas (PAs) in Spain were generally effective in preventing land development.
  • Nature Reserves (NRs) showed the highest effectiveness, with no new artificial land covers observed, though legal overlaps complicated causality.
  • Special Protection Areas (SPAs) were the least effective, exhibiting higher ALCI than control areas.
  • Legal protection stringency was effective, and bio-physical variables influenced land development, but cumulative legal designations and PA management did not show significant impact.
  • The spatial-statistical control technique yielded inconsistent results and requires further refinement.

Conclusions:

  • Protected area networks serve as an effective territorial policy for mitigating artificial land development in Spain.
  • The effectiveness of PAs varies significantly among different categories, highlighting the need for tailored conservation strategies.
  • Further methodological development is needed to accurately assess PA effectiveness and refine control area selection.