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Related Concept Videos

Activation Energy01:26

Activation Energy

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Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to move forward. The higher the activation energy, the slower the rate of the reaction. However, adding heat to the reaction will increase the rate, since it causes molecules to move faster and increase the likelihood that molecules will collide. The collision and breaking of bonds represents the uphill phase of a reaction and generates the transition state. The transition state is an unstable high-energy state...
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The activation energy (or free energy of activation), abbreviated as Ea, is the small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to occur. During chemical reactions, certain chemical bonds break, and new ones form. For example, when a glucose molecule breaks down, bonds between the molecule's carbon atoms break. Since these are energy-storing bonds, they release energy when broken. However, the molecule must be somewhat contorted to get into a state that allows the bonds to...
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Bond energy is the energy required to break a bond homolytically. These values are usually expressed in units of kcal/mol or kJ/mol and are referred to as bond dissociation energies when given for specific bonds or average bond energies when indicated for a given type of bond over many compounds. Firstly, the bond dissociation energy for a single bond is weaker than that of a double bond, which in turn is weaker than that of a triple bond. Secondly, hydrogen forms relatively strong bonds with...
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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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A randomized, cross-over trial assessing effects of beverage sodium concentration on plasma sodium concentration and plasma volume during prolonged exercise in the heat.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity
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Energy utilization associated with regular activity breaks and continuous physical activity: A randomized crossover

S P Fenemor1, A R Homer2, T L Perry2

  • 1School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases : NMCD
|March 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Frequent short activity breaks and combining them with longer exercise sessions significantly increase total energy expenditure compared to prolonged sitting alone. This approach may offer greater long-term weight management benefits.

Keywords:
Energy balanceEnergy expenditureSedentary behavior

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Metabolic Health
  • Human Performance

Background:

  • Prolonged sitting is associated with negative health outcomes.
  • Understanding energy expenditure during sedentary behavior and physical activity is crucial for metabolic health.
  • Interventions to mitigate risks of sedentary behavior are needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify and compare energy utilization during prolonged sitting.
  • To evaluate the impact of regular activity breaks and continuous physical activity on energy expenditure.
  • To compare different combinations of sedentary behavior and physical activity.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-six adults participated in four 7-hour interventions: prolonged sitting (SIT), sitting with regular activity breaks (RAB), prolonged sitting with added physical activity (SIT + PA), and a combination (RAB + PA).
  • Energy utilization was measured using indirect calorimetry.
  • Physical activity involved walking at 60% V̇O2max.

Main Results:

  • All interventions involving physical activity (SIT + PA, RAB, RAB + PA) significantly increased total energy utilization compared to prolonged sitting (SIT).
  • The combination of regular activity breaks and continuous physical activity (RAB + PA) resulted in the highest total energy utilization (1752 kJ increase).
  • Regular activity breaks (RAB) led to greater post-activity energy utilization compared to a single bout of continuous activity (SIT + PA).

Conclusions:

  • Short, frequent activity breaks contribute significantly to elevated post-activity energy utilization.
  • Combining frequent activity breaks with a longer continuous activity bout maximizes total energy utilization.
  • These combined activity patterns hold potential for greater long-term weight management benefits compared to single activity types.