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Adaptation, Exaptation, and Constraint: A Hormonal Perspective.

Ellen D Ketterson, Val Nolan

    The American Naturalist
    |March 28, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Evolutionary biology can be understood through endocrinology. Hormones mediate traits; distinguishing adaptations from exaptations depends on whether selection acted on hormone levels or tissue sensitivity.

    Keywords:
    Junco hyemalisdark‐eyed juncophenotypic engineeringtestosteronetrade‐offs

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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Endocrinology
    • Phenotypic Plasticity

    Background:

    • Single hormones influence multiple traits, creating correlated suites of phenotypic traits.
    • Evolutionary questions arise regarding whether these traits are adaptations or exaptations.
    • Distinguishing between adaptations and exaptations depends on the evolutionary pressures acting on hormone levels versus target tissue sensitivity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore conceptual issues in evolutionary biology using an endocrinological perspective.
    • To investigate how hormonal mechanisms influence the evolution of correlated traits.
    • To differentiate between adaptations and exaptations within hormone-mediated trait suites.

    Main Methods:

    • Analyzing the relationship between systemic hormone levels, target tissue responsiveness, and trait evolution.
    • Employing experimental hormonal manipulations (phenotypic engineering) to study endocrine constraints.
    • Measuring interdependent responses of beneficial and detrimental traits to selection under hormonal alteration.

    Main Results:

    • Selection on systemic hormone levels may lead to exaptations for indirectly affected traits.
    • Independent changes in target tissue sensitivity to invariant hormone levels can result in multiple adaptations.
    • Hormonal manipulations in dark-eyed juncos provide insights into endocrine constraints on evolution.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding hormonal mechanisms and historical selective regimes is crucial for distinguishing adaptations from exaptations.
    • Endocrine systems can impose constraints on evolution, as evidenced by cases where hormonal alteration depresses fitness.
    • Experimental endocrinology offers a powerful approach to studying evolutionary constraints and trait evolution.