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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Total Voids in Concrete01:12

Total Voids in Concrete

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Total voids in concrete encompass gel water volume, capillary pores, and entrapped air. Gel water (retained within the cement hydration products) and physically entrapped or adsorbed water are significant for the hydration process. For complete hydration, it's estimated that the space needed for the products of a cubic centimeter of cement doubles. Capillary pores constitute the unoccupied space within the hydrated cement paste, with their size largely influenced by the water-to-cement...
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Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
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Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

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Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Application of Laparoscopic Partial Splenectomy with Total Blood Flow Occlusion in Benign Splenic Lesions
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New Advances in Chronic Total Occlusions.

Nikolaos Konstantinidis1,2, Michele Pighi1, Ismail Dogu Kilic1

  • 1National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.

Interventional Cardiology (London, England)
|March 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusions (CTOs) is now highly successful (>90%) due to advanced techniques and training. Successful CTO PCI improves patient outcomes and angina, encouraging wider adoption.

Keywords:
Coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO)J-CTOcollateral circulationprognostic benefitretrograde approachsubintimal spacetrue lumen re-entry

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Area of Science:

  • Interventional Cardiology
  • Cardiovascular Disease Management

Background:

  • Coronary chronic total occlusions (CTOs) pose significant technical challenges in interventional cardiology.
  • CTOs are undertreated due to historical low success rates of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in CTO recanalisation techniques and their impact.
  • To encourage wider adoption of CTO PCI by highlighting improved success rates and patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent developments in CTO recanalisation techniques.
  • Analysis of studies on the prognostic impact of CTO PCI.
  • Focus on training and standardisation efforts by expert groups.

Main Results:

  • Modern CTO PCI techniques achieve success rates exceeding 90% for complex lesions.
  • Successful CTO recanalisation is linked to improved patient outcomes and reduced angina.
  • Randomised trial evidence is forthcoming to further support CTO PCI benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress in CTO PCI has been made through dedicated expert efforts and training.
  • Improved success rates and patient outcomes warrant a more balanced approach to treating CTOs.
  • Interventional cardiologists are encouraged to manage these complex lesions more frequently.