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Kidney Structure

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.

Kidney Transplant I: Introduction

Kidney Transplant I: Introduction

A kidney transplant is a surgical approach that involves replacing a non-functioning kidney with a healthy one from a donor. This procedure is often a treatment option for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The method requires careful recipient selection, including evaluating various medical and psychosocial factors. These criteria vary between transplant centers but generally include assessments of the patient's overall health, adherence to medical recommendations, and lifestyle...

External Anatomy of the Kidney

External Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
The outermost region of the kidney is the...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...

Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction

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Introduction:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) describes a swift decrease in kidney function occurring over hours to days, characterized by the kidneys' failure to remove waste products from the bloodstream. This leads to dangerous complications like metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, which can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. AKI is common in both hospital and outpatient settings, often triggered by dehydration, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxic...

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Robot-Assisted Kidney Transplantation

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Kidney and haemostasis.

Hamostaseologie

|March 29, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New oral anticoagulants may be preferred for renal insufficiency patients due to effectiveness and reduced bleeding risk. Further research on dosing and safety in end-stage renal failure is needed.

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Cardiology
Pharmacology

Background:

Renal insufficiency leads to waste product accumulation, affecting platelet function and drug metabolism.
Kidney function, assessed by KDIGO guidelines, is crucial for managing drug dosages and preventing bleeding.
Chronic kidney disease patients face increased cardiovascular risks, notably non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the challenges of anticoagulation in renal insufficiency.
To explore the efficacy and safety of novel anticoagulants in kidney disease.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on renal insufficiency, anticoagulation, and cardiovascular complications.
Analysis of drug accumulation and bleeding risks associated with renal impairment.
Consideration of KDIGO guidelines for kidney function assessment.

Main Results:

Renal insufficiency impairs drug excretion, increasing bleeding risk with medications like vitamin K antagonists.
Vitamin K antagonists present challenges in renal insufficiency due to bleeding and calcification.
New oral anticoagulants show comparable or superior efficacy with less bleeding.

Conclusions:

New oral anticoagulants may be favored for renal insufficiency and end-stage renal failure, pending further data on dosing and safety.
Serum FGF 23 concentration could serve as a marker for new oral anticoagulant use in these patients.