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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity01:11

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The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) plays a pivotal role in regulating gastrointestinal or GI motor activity. This complex network of nerves, deeply embedded within the gut wall, responds to changes in the gut environment and receives input from both the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. By doing so, the ENS operates various programs tailored to the body's nutritional status and needs.
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Anatomical Movements00:51

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
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Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
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Task-Relevant Information Modulates Primary Motor Cortex Activity Before Movement Onset.

Cristian B Calderon1,2, Filip Van Opstal3, Philippe Peigneux1,4

  • 1Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute, Faculté de Psychologie et Sciences de l'Éducation, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|March 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The affordance competition hypothesis (ACH) suggests action selection integrates cognitive information in sensorimotor areas. This study confirms ACH in humans, showing predictive cues bias primary motor cortex activity for action planning.

Keywords:
action planningaffordance competition hypothesisfMRIprimary motor cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • The affordance competition hypothesis (ACH) posits that action selection involves integrating cognitive information within sensorimotor areas.
  • ACH proposes action selection emerges from parallel representation and biased competition of action plans, extending to primary motor cortex (M1).
  • The hypothesis's applicability to human decision-making, especially concerning predictive information, requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relevance of the affordance competition hypothesis (ACH) for human decision-making.
  • To examine how predictive information influences action selection processes in the human brain.
  • To determine if sensorimotor regions, including primary motor cortex, are involved in biased competition during action planning in humans.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed in human participants.
  • An experimental design, modeled after monkey neurophysiology studies, was used.
  • Participants processed cues predicting upcoming button presses to investigate action planning dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Predictive information significantly biased activity in primary motor regions (M1), supporting the ACH.
  • Contralateral M1 activity increased before movement onset when competition favored a specific action.
  • Motor regions showed enhanced coupling with fronto-parietal regions during high action competition.

Conclusions:

  • The findings validate the affordance competition hypothesis (ACH) in human decision-making.
  • Predictive information plays a crucial role in biasing motor activity for action selection in humans.
  • Action planning dynamics, as described by ACH, are conserved across human and non-human primates.