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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

277
In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
277
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

334
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
334
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

246
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
246
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

310
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
310
Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

87.9K
Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation
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Pediatric Sigmoid Volvulus.

Bennett Lee1, Andrea Wu

  • 1From the Harbor UCLA Medical Center, 1000 W. Carson St, Building D-9 Box 21, Torrance, CA.

Pediatric Emergency Care
|March 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Sigmoid volvulus (SV) is a rare cause of abdominal pain in children, presenting with obstruction and ischemia. Early diagnosis and treatment, including sigmoidoscopy and potential surgery, are crucial to prevent severe complications.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Gastroenterology
  • Abdominal Imaging

Background:

  • Sigmoid volvulus (SV) is uncommon in children, typically affecting older adults.
  • SV involves the twisting of the sigmoid colon around its mesentery, leading to bowel obstruction and ischemia.

Observation:

  • Pediatric patients with SV commonly exhibit abdominal pain, nausea, and distension.
  • Symptoms can manifest acutely or chronically, often with a history of constipation or intermittent distension.

Findings:

  • Initial management includes endoscopic reduction of the volvulus and rectal biopsy to exclude Hirschsprung disease.
  • Surgical intervention is indicated for recurrent cases or confirmed Hirschsprung disease.

Implications:

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  • Prompt recognition of SV in children is vital due to the risk of significant morbidity and mortality.
  • Consideration of SV in pediatric abdominal pain presentations can prevent diagnostic delays and improve outcomes.