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The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Among the macromolecules are proteins. The protein content varies across cell types. For example, mitochondrial inner membranes contain ~76% protein content, while myelin contains ~18% protein content. Individual cells contain many types of membrane proteins—red blood cells contain over 50—and different cell...
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A cell's plasma membrane demarcates the cell's borders and determines the nature of its interaction with the environment. Cells exclude certain substances, take in others, and excrete some others in controlled quantities. The plasma membrane must be flexible to allow certain cells, such as red and white blood cells, to change their shape while passing through narrow capillaries. These are the more obvious plasma membrane functions. In addition, the plasma membrane's surface carries...
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Deposition of Porous Sorbents on Fabric Supports
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Membranes and Sorbents.

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    Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) filters have evolved over 40 years to improve solute removal and fluid balance in acute kidney injury (AKI). Adsorption techniques offer targeted compound removal for critically ill patients with sepsis and inflammation.

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    Crystallizing Membrane Proteins for Structure Determination using Lipidic Mesophases
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    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Critical Care Medicine
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is vital for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), managing solute depuration, fluid removal, and electrolyte/acid-base balance.
    • CRRT filters, primarily hollow-fiber membranes, have adapted from hemodialysis but possess unique features tailored for CRRT's demands.
    • Over 40 years, CRRT device evolution has responded to clinical practice changes and the need for broader solute removal capabilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the 40-year evolution of CRRT membranes and extracorporeal sorbents.
    • To describe advancements in devices for treating critically ill patients with AKI and other conditions.
    • To highlight the development of adsorption techniques for targeted compound removal.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of CRRT filter and sorbent evolution.
    • Analysis of membrane technology advancements in extracorporeal therapy.
    • Examination of adsorption techniques for specific solute removal.

    Main Results:

    • CRRT filters have significantly evolved, incorporating specific designs for CRRT requirements.
    • Adsorption techniques, such as sorbent hemoperfusion, are increasingly used for targeted removal in critically ill patients, particularly those with sepsis.
    • The development aims to broaden the spectrum of removable solutes beyond standard CRRT capabilities.

    Conclusions:

    • CRRT technology has advanced considerably over four decades, enhancing treatment efficacy for AKI.
    • Extracorporeal sorbents represent a significant development, offering targeted therapies for complex critical care scenarios.
    • The ongoing evolution of these extracorporeal treatments continues to improve outcomes for critically ill patients.