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Related Concept Videos

Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary Active Transport01:32

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary Healthcare System01:11

Secondary Healthcare System

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Secondary healthcare is offered by a specialist, generally in hospitals or clinics for patients referred by primary healthcare providers. It occurs when a person has an illness or injury that requires specific medical care. Secondary care is often referred to as acute care. Secondary care can range from uncomplicated care to repair a minor laceration or treat a strep throat infection to more complicated emergent care, such as treating a head injury sustained in an automobile accident. Whatever...
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Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Secondary Distribution01:25

Secondary Distribution

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Secondary distribution systems provide electrical energy at the utilization voltage levels from distribution transformers to customer meters. Typical secondary voltages in the United States include 120/240 V for residential use, 208Y/120 V for residential and commercial use, and 480Y/277 V for industrial and high-rise commercial use.
In residential areas, 120/240 V single-phase, three-wire service is commonly used for lighting, outlets, and large appliances. Urban areas with high-density loads...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

PLGA Nanoparticles Formed by Single- or Double-emulsion with Vitamin E-TPGS
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Vitamin D and Secondary Hyperparathyroid States.

Cristiana Cipriani, Jessica Pepe, Luciano Colangelo

    Frontiers of Hormone Research
    |March 30, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Low vitamin D levels can cause secondary hyperparathyroidism, impacting calcium and phosphorus balance. This affects bone health and may worsen chronic kidney disease, requiring targeted vitamin D and PTH management.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Metabolic Regulation
    • Mineral Homeostasis

    Background:

    • The vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) axis is crucial for calcium and phosphorus homeostasis.
    • Reduced vitamin D levels (25-hydroxy-vitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) can lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism.
    • This imbalance affects skeletal and extra-skeletal tissues expressing vitamin D and PTH receptors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the metabolic pathways regulating the vitamin D/PTH axis.
    • To discuss clinical complications of vitamin D inadequacy and secondary hyperparathyroidism.
    • To update on therapeutic strategies for managing this axis.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current knowledge on vitamin D/PTH metabolic pathways.
    • Analysis of clinical settings and complications.

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  • Evaluation of therapeutic interventions and endpoints.

    • Main Results:

    • Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a significant complication of low vitamin D.
    • Low vitamin D and high PTH exacerbate chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mineral metabolism disorders.
    • Skeletal and cardiovascular diseases are potential consequences.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective management of vitamin D and PTH is essential for calcium/phosphorus balance.
    • Therapeutic strategies focus on increasing 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and reducing secondary hyperparathyroidism.
    • Tailored treatment approaches are necessary based on clinical context.