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Related Concept Videos

Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

25.4K
Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Weak Acid Solutions04:02

Weak Acid Solutions

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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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The Wave Nature of Light02:12

The Wave Nature of Light

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The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms and was able to demonstrate that white light consists of the individual colors of the rainbow combined together. Newton explained his optics findings in terms of a "corpuscular" view of light, in which light was composed of streams of extremely tiny particles traveling at high speeds according to Newton's laws of motion.
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Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base01:08

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

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Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
As a result, there is no simple...
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Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

49.4K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
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Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Weak Bases01:14

Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Weak Bases

2.7K
This lesson deals with the crossed aldol reaction using weak bases. The self-condensation of an aldehyde having α hydrogen is prevented by adding it slowly to a mixture of formaldehyde and weak bases like hydroxide and alkoxide. Upon slow addition of the aldehyde, the base deprotonates the α carbon of the aldehyde to form the corresponding enolate. The enolate subsequently attacks the formaldehyde to form a single crossed product. Figure 1 depicts the aforementioned reaction.
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Related Experiment Video

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Programmed Electrical Stimulation in Mice
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Pacing Hippocampal Sharp-Wave Ripples With Weak Electric Stimulation.

Huiyi Jiang1,2, Shicheng Liu1,2, Xinling Geng3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|March 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Weak electrical stimulation can increase the abundance of sharp-wave ripples (SWRs) in the hippocampus. This method may help restore SWRs in conditions like aging or neurodegenerative disease.

Keywords:
CA1CA3Sharp wave-rippleselectrical stimulushippocampusmousepacing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurophysiology

Background:

  • Sharp-wave ripples (SWRs) are crucial for episodic memory consolidation.
  • SWR abundance can decrease with aging and neurodegenerative diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if weak electrical stimuli can modulate SWR abundance in murine hippocampal slices.
  • To determine if paced SWRs retain their morphological characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Administered weak, paced electrical stimuli to hippocampal slices.
  • Compared characteristics of stimulated SWRs to spontaneous SWRs.
  • Assessed stimulus intensity relative to evoked field potentials and synaptic plasticity.

Main Results:

  • Weak electrical stimulation reliably increased SWR abundance, particularly when spontaneous rates were low.
  • Stimulated SWRs were morphologically indistinguishable from spontaneous SWRs.
  • Low-intensity, ~1 Hz stimuli evoked thousands of SWRs without significant LTD or habituation.

Conclusions:

  • Weak electrical stimuli can facilitate the emergence of SWRs without altering their intrinsic properties.
  • Pacing SWRs offers a potential therapeutic strategy for conditions with reduced SWR abundance.