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Intracellular Signaling Cascades

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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The coagulation phase is a critical part of the body's process to prevent blood loss following injury to blood vessels. It involves chemical reactions that form a clot to seal the injured area. The clotting process begins shortly after injury, within 15-20 seconds for severe damage and 1-2 minutes for minor injuries.
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Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
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Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
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Coagulation cascade and complement system in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Yan Liang1, Shang-Bo Xie2, Chang-Hao Wu3

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.

Oncotarget
|March 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involves interactions between coagulation and complement systems, worsening disease severity, especially with inflammation. D-dimer and C4 levels together effectively diagnose lupus activity.

Keywords:
biomarkercoagulation cascadecomplement systemomicssystemic lupus erythematosus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hematology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease.
  • The interplay between coagulation and complement systems in SLE pathogenesis is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the coagulation cascade and complement system in SLE.
  • To evaluate their associations with inflammation and disease severity.
  • To assess the diagnostic utility of D-dimer and C4 for lupus activity.

Main Methods:

  • Multi-omics analysis (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) in SLE patients and controls.
  • ELISA for coagulation, complement, and cytokine levels.
  • Clinical data analysis from a large SLE cohort.

Main Results:

  • Coagulation and complement systems share common links and interact to influence SLE severity, particularly in inflamed patients.
  • A combination of D-dimer and C4 demonstrated strong diagnostic performance for lupus activity.

Conclusions:

  • Coagulation and complement systems act synergistically, contributing to SLE disease severity.
  • D-dimer combined with C4 is a valuable diagnostic tool for monitoring lupus activity.