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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell over two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. Over the first three steps, glucose is converted into different forms and attached to two phosphate groups donated by two ATP molecules, resulting in an unstable sugar. In the next two stages, the unstable sugar splits into two sugar...
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Dihydroxyacetone: A Review.

Taylor L Braunberger, Amanda F Nahhas, Linda M Katz

    Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD
    |March 31, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a popular sunless tanning ingredient. While generally safe for external cosmetic use, unapproved applications like spray tans warrant further safety studies.

    Area of Science:

    • Dermatology
    • Cosmetic Science
    • Toxicology

    Background:

    • The sunless tanning industry is growing due to awareness of UV radiation dangers.
    • Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is the primary color additive in sunless tanning products.
    • Sunless tanning products are regulated as cosmetics, not drugs, and offer no UV protection.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the existing literature on the safety and application of Dihydroxyacetone (DHA).
    • To highlight approved and unapproved uses of DHA in cosmetic and non-cosmetic applications.
    • To identify areas where further research on DHA safety is needed.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of scientific publications on Dihydroxyacetone (DHA).
    • Analysis of FDA regulations concerning cosmetic color additives.

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  • Examination of reported adverse effects and safety concerns associated with DHA.

    • Main Results:

    • DHA is FDA-approved as an external cosmetic color additive.
    • Unapproved uses, such as spray tanning booths, pose risks of ingestion and inhalation.
    • The FDA advises caution to avoid mucous membrane and eye contact with DHA.
    • Sunless tanning products containing DHA do not protect against UV radiation.

    Conclusions:

    • While DHA is safe for intended external cosmetic use, unapproved application methods raise safety questions.
    • Further research is necessary to fully understand the safety profile of DHA, especially with widespread use.
    • Consumers should adhere to FDA recommendations regarding DHA application to minimize risks.