Evaluation of reported contents in prescription and over-the-counter prenatal multivitamins

To evaluate the reported amount of 14 vitamins and 10 minerals in over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription (Rx) prenatal multivitamins and minerals (PMVMs) and compare them with the Health and Medicine Division (HMD) of the National Academies recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) and tolerable upper intake levels for intake.

Observational convenience sample of supplemental facts labels on OTC and Rx PMVMs identified and evaluated from online retailers, grocery stores, and pharmacies.

Not applicable.

Reported vitamin and mineral amounts in PMVMs were compared with HMD RDAs to determine whether PMVMs could correct RDA deficiencies in the average pregnant woman's diet. Reported vitamin and mineral amounts were compared in OTC and Rx PMVMs and to HMD upper intake levels.

One hundred sixty-three OTC and 88 Rx PMVMs were evaluated. The average pregnant woman in the United States is deficient in many vitamins and minerals from food intake alone. Over 80% of OTC and Rx PMVMs would correct the RDA deficit for vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, and iron. Over 90% of OTC products would correct the deficit for vitamin A and zinc; however, 47% and 74% of Rx products would correct for those deficits, respectively. Approximately 73% of OTC and 60% of Rx PMVMs corrected calcium deficit, and 33% of OTC and 24% of Rx PMVMs corrected vitamin D deficit. A minority of PMVMs corrected deficits for magnesium and choline. OTC products have significantly more of each vitamin compared with Rx, with several exceptions including: iron, folic acid, copper, and vitamin B6.

Most pregnant women take PMVMs. If pregnant women are not consuming enough essential micronutrients from diet, it is possible that PMVMs will provide adequate amounts; however, this depends on the specific vitamin or mineral. There is notable variation between Rx and OTC PMVM options.