Initial experience with a 3D printed model for preoperative simulation of the Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum

The incidence of pectus excavatum has been estimated to be between 0.1% and 0.8% though a large autopsy series reports. After publication of the Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum, it became widely accepted. However, there are still some complications, such as over-correction and recurrence. To reduce differences in the procedure due to surgeons' experience level, preoperative simulation may be useful. Thus, we performed simulated surgery using a specific patient's three-dimensional (3D) chest wall model made by a 3D printer before operation. A 13-year-old male patient with a severe deformity of the chest underwent the Nuss procedure. As in the simulation, bars were inserted into the 5^th and 7^th intercostal spaces (ICS), leading to improvement of the chest wall. This simulation can increase surgeons' confidence to improve the deformity by determination of the number and insertion sites of bars.