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Hydraulic Jump: Problem Solving01:16

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To analyze a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel with a flow speed of 6 meters per second, follow these steps:Calculate Effective Upstream Velocity:When the downstream gate closes, a hydraulic jump forms, traveling upstream at 2 meters per second. This wave speed combines with the initial channel flow velocity, creating an effective upstream velocity.Identify Flow Velocities Before and After the Hydraulic Jump:Upstream of the hydraulic jump, the effective flow velocity includes both the...
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Hydraulic Jump01:29

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A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in fluid depth in open channels, occurring when high-velocity (supercritical) flow transitions to low-velocity (subcritical) flow. This phenomenon requires an upstream Froude number greater than 1, as flows with Fr1<1 remain subcritical, making a hydraulic jump impossible due to the need for negative head loss, which violates thermodynamic principles.The characteristics of a hydraulic jump depend on the upstream Froude number and are classified as...
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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
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Scaled hydraulic models of dam spillways provide a practical way to replicate and study the intricate flow dynamics of these structures. Often built to a 1:15 ratio, these models allow for observing critical water behavior, such as velocity distribution, flow patterns, and energy dissipation.
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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

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Fully Soft 3D-Printed Electroactive Fluidic Valve for Soft Hydraulic Robots.

Alex Zatopa1, Steph Walker2, Yigit Menguc1

  • 11 Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (Robotics), Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon.

Soft Robotics
|April 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel, lightweight, all-soft hydraulic control valve using 3D printing and electrorheological fluid. This soft valve enables onboard control for entirely soft robots, demonstrating robust performance under various strain conditions.

Keywords:
3D printingelectrorheologicalhydraulic valveliquid metalmicrofluidicssoft

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Area of Science:

  • Robotics
  • Materials Science
  • Fluid Mechanics

Background:

  • Soft robots offer advantages in safety and mobility over rigid robots.
  • Achieving fully soft, controllable robots requires soft actuation and control components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a completely soft hydraulic control valve.
  • To enable onboard actuation control for entirely soft robots.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a soft valve using 3D-printed photopolymer, electrorheological (ER) fluid, and liquid metal electrodes.
  • Testing valve pressure-holding capabilities under unstrained and strained conditions (bending, twisting, stretching, indentation).
  • Integration of the soft ER valve into a soft octopus-like robot to actuate bending actuators.

Main Results:

  • The soft 3D-printed ER valve weighs less than 10g.
  • Maximum holding pressure reached 264 kPa with 5 kV applied.
  • Holding pressure deviated less than 15% under bending, twisting, and stretching, with a 60% increase under indentation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed soft ER valve is a viable component for entirely soft, controllable robots.
  • The valve demonstrates reliable performance across various mechanical strains, crucial for real-world soft robot applications.
  • Successful actuation of a soft octopus robot highlights the valve's practical utility.