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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion01:17

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion

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Understanding and evaluating diffusion and perfusion is critical in assessing a patient's respiratory and circulatory health. These processes play key roles in maintaining the body's internal environment, ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen while waste products are efficiently removed.
The Role of Diffusion in Respiration
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
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Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles01:30

Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles

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A thorough assessment of respiratory health is paramount in clinical settings to identify and manage respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This article elaborates on the critical aspects of respiratory evaluation, including airway assessment, skin color examination, and the observation of accessory muscle use, which are integral to effectively diagnosing and managing patients with respiratory conditions.
Introduction
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In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes
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In-vitro model for assessing glucose diffusion through skin.

Sana Ullah1, Fadi Hamade2, Urte Bubniene3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics
|April 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A novel glucose biosensor using pig ear skin demonstrated slow glucose penetration in vitro. Removing the stratum corneum significantly increased glucose diffusion, suggesting potential for transdermal drug delivery applications.

Keywords:
AttachableEpidermalGlucose biosensorSkinTopical

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • In vitro assessment of transdermal glucose penetration is crucial for developing glucose-monitoring devices and optimizing transdermal drug delivery.
  • Existing methods for measuring glucose diffusion through skin have limitations in accuracy and real-time monitoring.
  • Oxygen electrode-based biosensors offer a sensitive platform for detecting biochemical reactions, including glucose oxidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a glucose biosensor utilizing a pig ear skin membrane for in vitro assessment of glucose penetration.
  • To quantify the rate and diffusion coefficient of glucose through intact and stratum corneum-stripped pig ear skin.
  • To compare experimental glucose flux with theoretical estimations and discuss implications for human skin permeability.

Main Methods:

  • Immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) onto an oxygen electrode covered with a pig ear skin membrane.
  • Measurement of current decrease due to oxygen consumption during glucose oxidation.
  • Application of tape-stripping to remove the stratum corneum and assess its effect on glucose penetration.
  • Calculation of apparent diffusion coefficient and theoretical glucose flux through the skin membrane.

Main Results:

  • The biosensor successfully detected glucose penetration through the pig ear skin membrane, evidenced by a decrease in oxygen electrode current.
  • Glucose penetration through intact 250 µm thick skin was slow, with 90% steady-state response in 32 ± 22 min.
  • The apparent diffusion coefficient of glucose in skin was 0.15 ± 0.07 x 10⁻⁶ cm²/s, 45 times lower than in water.
  • Tape-stripping the stratum corneum significantly accelerated glucose penetration, reaching 90% response in 5.0 ± 2.7 min.
  • Experimental glucose flux values were orders of magnitude higher than theoretical predictions for stratum corneum.

Conclusions:

  • The developed oxygen electrode-based glucose biosensor is effective for evaluating in vitro glucose penetration through skin membranes.
  • The stratum corneum acts as a significant barrier to glucose diffusion, but its removal enhances permeability.
  • The discrepancy between experimental and theoretical flux suggests that in vitro models may overestimate glucose penetration through healthy human skin.