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Related Concept Videos

Activation Energy01:26

Activation Energy

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Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to move forward. The higher the activation energy, the slower the rate of the reaction. However, adding heat to the reaction will increase the rate, since it causes molecules to move faster and increase the likelihood that molecules will collide. The collision and breaking of bonds represents the uphill phase of a reaction and generates the transition state. The transition state is an unstable high-energy state...
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The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.  The different forms of energy on Earth originate from the Sun — the ultimate energy source. Plants capture light energy from the Sun, and, via the process of photosynthesis, convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy from plants can be harnessed in many ways. For example, eating plant products as food provides energy for our body to function, and burning wood or coal (fossilized...
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Free Energy01:21

Free Energy

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Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break...
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Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.
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The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
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Potential Energy00:52

Potential Energy

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The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.
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Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle
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Low-energy high-speed plasmonic enhanced modulator using graphene.

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    This study introduces a novel graphene waveguide modulator that overcomes previous limitations. It achieves ultrafast, low-energy optical modulation for telecommunication applications by enhancing light-graphene interaction.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optoelectronics
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Graphene's unique optical and electrical properties offer potential for modulators.
    • Single-layer graphene exhibits poor light interaction, hindering modulator performance.
    • Existing graphene modulators require large footprints and consume significant energy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a localized plasmonic-enhanced waveguide modulator utilizing graphene.
    • To achieve high-speed tunability and overcome interaction limitations in graphene modulators.
    • To enable efficient optical modulation for telecommunication applications.

    Main Methods:

    • Integration of ultrathin plasmon patches with graphene.
    • Utilizing gate-tunable graphene to control plasmon resonance.
    • Developing a waveguide structure for enhanced light-graphene interaction.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a 400 GHz modulation rate.
    • Demonstrated low energy consumption of 0.5 fJ/bit.
    • Required a small active device area of 0.2 μm².
    • Showcased strong modulation of transmission via plasmonic enhancement.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed modulator offers a significant advancement in ultrafast optical switching.
    • This technology paves the way for low-energy, high-speed optical waveguide modulation.
    • Addresses key limitations of current graphene-based modulator designs.