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Related Concept Videos

Accelerators01:17

Accelerators

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Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
The effectiveness of calcium chloride can...
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Subatomic Particles03:37

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Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
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Average Acceleration01:30

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The importance of understanding acceleration spans our day-to-day experiences, as well as the vast reaches of outer space and the tiny world of subatomic physics. In everyday conversation, to accelerate means to speed up. For instance, we are familiar with the acceleration of our car; the harder we apply our foot to the gas pedal, the faster we accelerate. The greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Acceleration is widely seen in experimental physics. In...
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Instantaneous Acceleration01:16

Instantaneous Acceleration

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Acceleration is in the direction of the change in velocity, but it is not always in the direction of motion. When an object slows down, its acceleration is opposite to the direction of its motion. Although commonly referred to as deceleration, this causes confusion in our analysis as deceleration is not a vector, and does not point to a specific direction with respect to a coordinate system. Therefore, the term deceleration is not used. For example, when a subway train slows down, it...
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Acceleration Vectors01:30

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In everyday conversation, accelerating means speeding up. Acceleration is a vector in the same direction as the change in velocity, Δv, therefore the greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Since velocity is a vector, it can change in magnitude, direction, or both. Thus acceleration is a change in speed or direction, or both. For example, if a runner traveling at 10 km/h due east slows to a stop, reverses direction, and continues their run at 10 km/h...
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When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator accelerating upward with a constant acceleration, a. In the beaker, assume there is a thin cylinder of height h with an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers
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Laser acceleration of absorbing particles.

Tirtha Mitra, Andrew K Brown, David M Bernot

    Optics Express
    |April 4, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    A Ytterbium-doped fiber laser accelerates and evaporates stainless steel particles using high optical intensities. This process, modeled by differential equations, reveals heat transfer dominated by radiation diffusion, similar to stellar photospheres.

    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Materials Science
    • Laser Technology

    Background:

    • Laser-induced particle manipulation is crucial for various applications.
    • Understanding particle behavior under intense laser irradiation requires advanced modeling.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the acceleration and evaporation of absorbing particles using a Ytterbium-doped fiber laser.
    • To develop and validate a comprehensive model for laser-heated particle dynamics.

    Main Methods:

    • Illuminating stainless steel particles with optical intensities of 1-2 MW/cm².
    • Utilizing direct imaging with a high-speed camera for position measurements.
    • Developing a system of coupled differential equations to model particle properties and trajectory.

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    Main Results:

    • Particles were accelerated to tens of meters per second and evaporated within milliseconds.
    • The developed model accurately predicted particle trajectories and lifetimes.
    • Radiation diffusion was identified as the dominant heat transfer mechanism within the evaporating particles.

    Conclusions:

    • Yb-doped fiber lasers can effectively accelerate and evaporate absorbing particles.
    • The developed model provides a robust framework for understanding laser-particle interactions.
    • The dominance of radiation diffusion highlights unique heat transfer phenomena in laser-induced particle evaporation.