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Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....

Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

Cross-Sectional Research

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

A Facile and Efficient Approach for the Production of Reversible Disulfide Cross-linked Micelles

A Facile and Efficient Approach for the Production of Reversible Disulfide Cross-linked Micelles

Published on: December 23, 2016

Formaldehyde Cross-Linking.

Tae Hoon Kim, Job Dekker

Cold Spring Harbor Protocols

|April 4, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Formaldehyde cross-linking is crucial for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and 3C assays. This protocol optimizes cell cross-linking for improved ChIP analysis, even with limited formaldehyde efficiency.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genomics
Epigenetics

Background:

Formaldehyde cross-linking is a critical step in chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and 3C assays.
Formaldehyde's limited reactivity (∼1%) in mammalian cells necessitates large cell numbers for these assays.
The quality of cross-linked chromatin can be variable, impacting assay reliability.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a protocol for growing and cross-linking IMR90 primary human fibroblast cells for ChIP analysis.
To optimize the critical formaldehyde cross-linking step for ChIP and 3C assays.
To provide a reproducible method for generating high-quality cross-linked chromatin.

Main Methods:

Growing IMR90 primary human fibroblast cells.
Performing formaldehyde cross-linking on mammalian cells.
Preparing cross-linked chromatin for ChIP analysis.

Main Results:

The protocol details the specific steps for cell culture and formaldehyde cross-linking.
It addresses the challenge of limited cross-linking efficiency by focusing on large-scale batch generation.
The described method aims to improve the consistency and quality of cross-linked chromatin.

Conclusions:

This protocol provides a standardized method for cross-linking IMR90 cells for ChIP.
Optimizing formaldehyde cross-linking is essential for reliable ChIP and 3C assay results.
Modifications may be required for applying this protocol to other cell types.