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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

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Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques01:30

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Airway management is essential in emergency and surgical medicine, ensuring ventilation and oxygenation in patients who cannot maintain their own airway. Clinicians use a range of techniques and devices to secure the airway, depending on the patient’s condition and the clinical context. Key methods include endotracheal intubation, rapid sequence intubation (RSI), supraglottic airway devices, and advanced visualization aids. In cases where these approaches fail, surgical airway...
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What are Cells?01:07

What are Cells?

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Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, e.g., in humans. No matter what organism a cell is a part of, they share specific characteristics.
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What is Cell Signaling?02:03

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
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Recent Advances in Giant Cell Arteritis.

M Guevara1, C S Kollipara2

  • 1Division of Rheumatology Louisiana State University, 1542 Tulane Ave., Box T4M-2, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. mgueva@lsuhsc.edu.

Current Rheumatology Reports
|April 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Giant cell arteritis (GCA), a common vasculitis, is increasingly diagnosed early, preventing vision loss. New insights into its pathogenesis have led to targeted therapies like Tocilizumab, offering improved treatment options.

Keywords:
DiagnosisPathophysiologyReview of epidemiologyTreatment and prognosis for GCA

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most prevalent systemic vasculitis, affecting large and medium-sized vessels.
  • Symptoms often stem from cranial and aortic involvement, making early diagnosis crucial for preventing vision loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the understanding of GCA pathogenesis.
  • To discuss progress in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of GCA.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on GCA pathogenesis and treatment.
  • Analysis of new diagnostic modalities and therapeutic targets.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in understanding GCA pathogenesis, particularly the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6).
  • IL-6 inhibition has led to the first FDA-approved treatment, Tocilizumab, for GCA.
  • Other potential therapies like Abatacept and Ustekinumab show promise for large vessel vasculitis (LVV).

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis of GCA is vital for preventing irreversible vision loss.
  • Targeted therapies, especially IL-6 inhibition, represent a major breakthrough in GCA management.
  • Ongoing research into novel therapeutic targets holds promise for future GCA and LVV treatments.