Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

pH Scale02:41

pH Scale

80.4K
Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
80.4K
Protein Networks02:26

Protein Networks

4.6K
An organism can have thousands of different proteins, and these proteins must cooperate to ensure the health of an organism. Proteins bind to other proteins and form complexes to carry out their functions. Many proteins interact with multiple other proteins creating a complex network of protein interactions.
These interactions can be represented through maps depicting protein-protein interaction networks, represented as nodes and edges. Nodes are circles that are representative of a protein,...
4.6K
Protein Networks02:26

Protein Networks

2.9K
2.9K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.2K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.2K
Scaling01:26

Scaling

599
In designing and analyzing filters, resonant circuits, or circuit analysis at large, working with standard element values like 1 ohm, 1 henry, or 1 farad can be convenient before scaling these values to more realistic figures. This approach is widely utilized by not employing realistic element values in numerous examples and problems; it simplifies mastering circuit analysis through convenient component values. The complexity of calculations is thereby reduced, with the understanding that...
599
Multi-input and Multi-variable systems01:22

Multi-input and Multi-variable systems

428
Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...
428

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Fourier Ambiguity Validation for Carrier-Phase GNSS.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Performance of ambiguity-resolved detector for GNSS mixed-integer model.

GPS solutions·2025
Same author

Advancing autologous CAR T-cell therapy through real-time patient health data integration: a simulation-based approach.

Cytotherapy·2024
Same author

CD22 blockade aggravates EAE and its role in microglia polarization.

CNS neuroscience & therapeutics·2024
Same author

Insecticidal activity of the spider neurotoxin PPTX-04 through modulating insect voltage-gated sodium channel.

Pesticide biochemistry and physiology·2024
Same author

Hierarchical joint analysis of marginal summary statistics-Part I: Multipopulation fine mapping and credible set construction.

Genetic epidemiology·2024
Same journal

RETRACTED: Zhang et al. A Novel Framework for Reconstruction and Imaging of Target Scattering Centers via Wide-Angle Incidence in Radar Networks. <i>Sensors</i> 2025, <i>25</i>, 6802.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Enhancing Unsupervised Multi-Source Domain Adaptation for Person Re-Identification via Mixture of Experts and Graph-Based Relation.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Development of an Instrumented Glove for Palmar Pressure Assessment in Kayakers.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Development and Experimental Validation of an Autonomous IoT-Based Monitoring System for Real-Time Water Quality Assessment in the Amazon River.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Semi-Supervised Adversarial Learning Framework for Controller Area Network Bus Intrusion Detection.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Smart Optimization Method for Safety Signs in Innovative Manufacturing Environments Integrating Industrial Field IoT Sensors and Knowledge Graphs.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Fabricating Multi-Component Lipid Nanotube Networks Using the Gliding Kinesin Motility Assay
05:16

Fabricating Multi-Component Lipid Nanotube Networks Using the Gliding Kinesin Motility Assay

Published on: July 26, 2021

2.0K

Multi-GNSS PPP-RTK: From Large- to Small-Scale Networks.

Nandakumaran Nadarajah1, Amir Khodabandeh2, Kan Wang3

  • 1GNSS Research Centre, Department of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. N.Nadarajah@curtin.edu.au.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 4, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Integrating multiple Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) significantly speeds up Precise Point Positioning-Real-Time Kinematic (PPP-RTK) convergence. Multi-GNSS PPP-RTK achieves centimeter-level accuracy faster than single-GNSS, especially with integer ambiguity resolution.

Keywords:
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)PPP-RTK network and usercarrier phase ambiguity resolutionionosphere weighted modelnetwork in-loop

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Advancing Human Cardiac Anatomy Through Multi-Scale Analysis of Hearts
04:22

Author Spotlight: Advancing Human Cardiac Anatomy Through Multi-Scale Analysis of Hearts

Published on: June 28, 2024

979
Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Fabricating Multi-Component Lipid Nanotube Networks Using the Gliding Kinesin Motility Assay
05:16

Fabricating Multi-Component Lipid Nanotube Networks Using the Gliding Kinesin Motility Assay

Published on: July 26, 2021

2.0K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Human Cardiac Anatomy Through Multi-Scale Analysis of Hearts
04:22

Author Spotlight: Advancing Human Cardiac Anatomy Through Multi-Scale Analysis of Hearts

Published on: June 28, 2024

979
Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.2K

Area of Science:

  • Geodesy
  • Satellite Navigation
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and PPP-Real-Time Kinematic (PPP-RTK) are advanced GNSS positioning techniques.
  • Integrating multiple GNSS constellations (e.g., GPS, BeiDou, Galileo) offers potential improvements in positioning accuracy and convergence time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To numerically investigate the impact of multi-GNSS integration on fast, high-precision PPP-RTK positioning.
  • To quantify the reduction in convergence time using combined GNSS data compared to single-GNSS.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Curtin PPP-RTK software to process datasets from GPS, BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and Galileo.
  • Processed data from both large-scale (Australia-wide) and small-scale (inter-station distances < 30 km) networks.
  • Compared positioning performance using stand-alone and combined multi-GNSS configurations, including ambiguity-float and single-receiver ambiguity resolution.

Main Results:

  • For an Australia-wide GPS-only ambiguity-float setup, 90% of horizontal positioning errors (kinematic mode) reached < 5 cm after 103 minutes.
  • Integrating GPS + BDS + Galileo reduced this convergence time to 66 minutes.
  • Applying single-receiver ambiguity resolution further decreased the convergence time to 15 minutes.

Conclusions:

  • Multi-GNSS integration substantially accelerates convergence time for high-precision PPP-RTK positioning.
  • The benefits of multi-GNSS are evident across different network scales and receiver types.
  • Single-receiver ambiguity resolution is a key factor in achieving rapid centimeter-level positioning with PPP-RTK.