Related Concept Videos
01:38Cognitive Dissonance
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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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02:05Position of Equilibrium in Acid-Base Reactions
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In any solution, the value of pKa indicates whether an acid is completely dissociated or not. A negative pKa corresponds to a stronger acid, whereas a positive pKa corresponds to a weaker acid. Consider the reaction between ammonia and an ethoxide ion. In this reaction, ethanol with a pKa of 15.9 is a stronger acid than ammonia with a pKa of 38. Recall that the strong acid forms a weak conjugate base, and a weak acid forms a strong conjugate base. Hence, the ethoxide ion is a weak base.
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01:03Inertial Frames of Reference
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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
8.9K
01:27Non-inertial Frames of Reference
7.2K
A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
7.2K
01:17Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects
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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
1.4K
02:32Position-effect Variegation
7.1K
In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Positioning Locality Using Cognitive Directions Based on Indoor Landmark Reference System.
Yankun Wang1,2, Hong Fan3,4, Ruizhi Chen5,6
1State Key Lab for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China. yankun.wang@whu.edu.cn.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 5, 2018
Summary
This study enhances indoor positioning by combining near and direction spatial relations. Our method achieves 3.55m accuracy using cognitive experiments and semantic direction relationships in landmark systems.
Area of Science:
- Geographic Information Sciences
- Cognitive Science
- Spatial Cognition
Background:
- Locality descriptions rely on human spatial cognition but are prone to uncertainty.
- Accurate positioning using qualitative descriptions is crucial for next-generation geographic information systems.
- Spatial relations significantly contribute to positioning uncertainty in indoor environments.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a method for positioning localities using qualitative descriptions in indoor landmark reference systems.
- To integrate uncertainties from spatial relations (near and direction) for improved locality positioning.
- To propose definitions from cognitive and computational viewpoints for locality description and positioning.
Main Methods:
- Utilizing direction relations with nearest landmarks for indoor locality descriptions.
- Applying probability operations to combine uncertainties from near and direction relations.
- Conducting indoor cognitive experiments to evaluate the positioning method.
Main Results:
- Demonstrated a method for positioning localities based on semantic direction relationships.
- Achieved a positioning accuracy of 3.55 meters in indoor landmark reference systems.
- Validated the effectiveness of combining qualitative spatial information and probability operations.
Conclusions:
- The proposed method effectively addresses uncertainty in indoor locality descriptions.
- Semantically derived direction relationships enhance the accuracy of indoor positioning systems.
- The integration of cognitive and computational approaches offers a robust solution for spatial information science.