Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

What is an Experiment?01:12

What is an Experiment?

19.1K
An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the explanatory or independent variable. The affected variable is called the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The...
19.1K
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

2.6K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
2.6K
Thomson's e/m Experiment01:19

Thomson's e/m Experiment

6.9K
In a beam of charged particles created by a heated cathode, the particles move at different speeds. However, many applications need a beam with uniform particle speeds. An arrangement known as a velocity selector uses electric and magnetic fields to pick particles with a particular speed from the beam.
A particle with charge q, speed v, and mass m enters an area from the top, where the magnetic and electric fields are perpendicular both to the particle's motion and to one another. The magnetic...
6.9K
Controls in Experiments01:13

Controls in Experiments

18.4K
When conducting an experiment, it is crucial to have control to reduce bias and accurately measure the dependent variables. It also marks the results more reliable. Controls are elements in an experiment that have the same characteristics as the treatment groups but are not affected by the independent variable. By sorting these data into control and experimental conditions, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables can be drawn. A randomized experiment always includes a...
18.4K
Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

9.1K
The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
9.1K
Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

4.6K
Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.
4.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Defined Microbiota Modulates Host Metabolome and Skeletal Adaptation to Diet-Induced Obesity.

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·2026
Same author

Promoting intervertebral disc fusion using BMP2, L51P, and the EP4 agonist KMN-159: synergistic osteogenesis in human annulus fibrosus cells.

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society·2026
Same author

TIE2-positive cells in the nucleus pulposus with a purpose: the who, what and why.

Journal of biomedical science·2026
Same author

Advancing Basic and Preclinical Spine Research: Highlights From the ORS PSRS 7th International Spine Research Symposium.

JOR spine·2026
Same author

A Commentary on "The Gut-Disc Axis: Unraveling the Microbiome's Role in Lumbar Disc Herniation".

Neurospine·2026
Same author

Complex Mechanical Loading and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.

JOR spine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Preparation of Artificial Bilayers for Electrophysiology Experiments
09:38

Preparation of Artificial Bilayers for Electrophysiology Experiments

Published on: October 31, 2008

17.3K

Electrophysiological experiments in microgravity: lessons learned and future challenges.

Simon L Wuest1,2, Benjamin Gantenbein2, Fabian Ille1

  • 11School of Engineering and Architecture, Institute of Medical Engineering, Space Biology Group, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Hergiswil, Switzerland.

NPJ Microgravity
|April 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrophysiological experiments reveal that microgravity alters ion channel functions, impacting cellular mechanosensation. Further research is needed to fully understand these effects on physiological processes.

More Related Videos

Propagation of Dental and Respiratory Cells and Organs in Microgravity
06:29

Propagation of Dental and Respiratory Cells and Organs in Microgravity

Published on: May 25, 2021

2.4K
In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity
10:48

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

Published on: December 17, 2017

8.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Preparation of Artificial Bilayers for Electrophysiology Experiments
09:38

Preparation of Artificial Bilayers for Electrophysiology Experiments

Published on: October 31, 2008

17.3K
Propagation of Dental and Respiratory Cells and Organs in Microgravity
06:29

Propagation of Dental and Respiratory Cells and Organs in Microgravity

Published on: May 25, 2021

2.4K
In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity
10:48

In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity

Published on: December 17, 2017

8.8K

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Mechanosensitive ion channels (MSCs) are crucial for cells to sense mechanical environments.
  • The physiological roles of many MSCs remain unidentified.
  • Mechanical unloading, such as microgravity, induces physiological adaptations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the influence of microgravity on ion channel-dependent biological functions.
  • To explore the role of calcium signaling in microgravity-induced cellular responses.
  • To identify key proteins involved in graviperception pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological experiments.
  • Studies involving mechanical loads (shear flow, indentation, osmotic challenges, hydrostatic pressure).
  • Analysis of cellular and organ-level responses in microgravity.

Main Results:

  • Microgravity affects biological functions regulated by ion channels across all hierarchical levels.
  • Calcium signaling pathways are implicated in cellular responses to microgravity.
  • Controversial results exist for vertebrate cells regarding graviperception.

Conclusions:

  • Electrophysiological studies in microgravity demonstrate altered ion-channel-dependent processes under mechanical unloading.
  • Understanding the mechanisms underlying these alterations requires further investigation.