Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

16.6K
An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
16.6K
Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

7.7K
The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
7.7K
Reaction Mechanisms03:06

Reaction Mechanisms

30.7K
Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
For instance, the decomposition of ozone appears to follow a mechanism with two steps:
30.7K
Impact Loading01:19

Impact Loading

691
Impact loading occurs when a moving object collides with a stationary structure, such as a rod with a uniform cross-sectional area fixed at one end. Under these conditions, the rod absorbs the kinetic energy from the striking object, leading to deformation and subsequent stress development. As the rod returns to its original position and reaches maximum stress, the absorbed energy, initially manifested as kinetic energy, transforms entirely into strain energy.
In cases of elastic deformation,...
691
Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

16.7K
Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
16.7K
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

2.9K
Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order...
2.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cross-sectional blood vessel area differences in various causes of death in unenhanced forensic post-mortem computed tomography.

International journal of legal medicine·2026
Same author

Secretome and Pathway Analysis of Stress Induced Disc Degeneration In Vitro.

JOR spine·2026
Same author

A Decade of Leadership and Impact: Celebrating 10 Years of the ORS Spine Section.

JOR spine·2026
Same author

Promoting intervertebral disc fusion using BMP2, L51P, and the EP4 agonist KMN-159: synergistic osteogenesis in human annulus fibrosus cells.

European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society·2026
Same author

Advancing Basic and Preclinical Spine Research: Highlights From the ORS PSRS 7th International Spine Research Symposium.

JOR spine·2026
Same author

Understanding the Physiological Behavior of Disc Cells in an In Vitro Imitation of the Healthy and Degenerated Disc Niche.

JOR spine·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Optical Sectioning and Visualization of the Intervertebral Disc from Embryonic Development to Degeneration
06:22

Optical Sectioning and Visualization of the Intervertebral Disc from Embryonic Development to Degeneration

Published on: July 8, 2021

2.6K

Complex Mechanical Loading and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.

Katherine B Crump1,2, Estefano Muñoz-Moya3, Kim de Graaf1

  • 1Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology (TOM), Bone & Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine University of Bern Bern Switzerland.

JOR Spine
|January 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Intervertebral disc degeneration involves combined mechanical stress and inflammation. This study shows that dynamic loading with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) causes degeneration, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) did not prevent it.

Keywords:
catabolismdynamic compressionfinite element methodgraph‐based network analysisintervertebral discmechanobiologyorgan culturepro‐inflammatory cytokinessystems biologytorsion

More Related Videos

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc
08:03

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

Published on: April 11, 2017

10.3K
Ovine Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Utilizing a Lateral Retroperitoneal Drill Bit Injury
07:25

Ovine Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Utilizing a Lateral Retroperitoneal Drill Bit Injury

Published on: May 25, 2017

12.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Optical Sectioning and Visualization of the Intervertebral Disc from Embryonic Development to Degeneration
06:22

Optical Sectioning and Visualization of the Intervertebral Disc from Embryonic Development to Degeneration

Published on: July 8, 2021

2.6K
An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc
08:03

An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc

Published on: April 11, 2017

10.3K
Ovine Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Utilizing a Lateral Retroperitoneal Drill Bit Injury
07:25

Ovine Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model Utilizing a Lateral Retroperitoneal Drill Bit Injury

Published on: May 25, 2017

12.1K

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Orthopedics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a primary cause of low back pain.
  • The combined effects of mechanical loading and inflammatory cytokines on IVD health are not well understood.
  • This study investigates the interplay between mechanical forces and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in IVD degeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the impact of dynamic compression and torsion on bovine IVDs.
  • To assess the interaction of IL-1β and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) with mechanical loading.
  • To model IVD responses to combined mechanical and inflammatory stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Bovine caudal IVDs were cultured ex vivo under dynamic compression and torsion.
  • Three media conditions were used: physiological, IL-1β (catabolic), and IL-1Ra (inhibitory).
  • 3T MRI, finite element (FE) modeling, and molecular analyses (qPCR) were employed.

Main Results:

  • Mechanical loading induced degenerative changes, including decreased disc height and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content.
  • Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) exacerbated degeneration, while IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was ineffective at the tested dose.
  • MRI-based FE modeling successfully visualized tissue consolidation and degeneration patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Combined mechanical and inflammatory stress drives IVD degeneration.
  • Current IL-1Ra dosage may be insufficient to counteract severe degeneration.
  • This integrative modeling approach provides insights for developing targeted anti-catabolic therapies.