Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins02:18

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

19.6K
Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
19.6K
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

5.5K
Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
5.5K
Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

Disorders of Erythrocytes

2.3K
Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...
2.3K
Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

2.0K
Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune...
2.0K
Other Disorders of Digestive System01:30

Other Disorders of Digestive System

1.5K
The gastrointestinal tract is susceptible to various disorders. If the lower esophageal sphincter is damaged, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation of the lining. This condition is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (known as heartburn) and may cause chest pain and difficulty swallowing. In the stomach, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, chronic alcohol consumption, bacterial infections such as Helicobacter...
1.5K
Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

810
Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
810

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Associations Between Self-Reported Literacy and Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Children, Adolescents, and Older Adults.

Journal of learning disabilities·2026
Same author

Examining the Serial Advantage in Fluent and Dysfluent Readers.

Dyslexia (Chichester, England)·2026
Same author

ABRACADABRA literacy instruction delivered by speech-language pathologists to children with autism during the COVID-19 pandemic.

International journal of speech-language pathology·2025
Same author

Dynamic adjustment of the eye-voice span and articulation duration in the course of multi-item naming tasks: Evidence for lockout scheduling.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2025
Same author

Laparoscopic pectopexy for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP): how, why, when: a narrative review of the literature.

Facts, views & vision in ObGyn·2025
Same author

Effects of morphological awareness, naming speed, and phonological awareness on reading skills from Grade 3 to Grade 5.

Journal of experimental child psychology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age
15:00

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age

Published on: May 1, 2020

8.9K

Is Dyslexia a Brain Disorder?

Athanassios Protopapas1, Rauno Parrila2

  • 1Department of Special Needs Education, University of Oslo, Oslo 0318, Norway. athanasios.protopapas@isp.uio.no.

Brain Sciences
|April 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developmental dyslexia, a reading difficulty, is not a neurodevelopmental disorder. Brain differences observed in individuals with dyslexia reflect normal variations, not abnormalities.

Keywords:
braindyslexiafMRIneurodevelopmental disorderneuroimagingneurological disorderreading difficulty

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
09:00

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education

Published on: August 16, 2024

1.2K
Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders
07:40

Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Published on: April 14, 2017

21.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age
15:00

Assessing Dyslexia at Six Year of Age

Published on: May 1, 2020

8.9K
Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
09:00

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education

Published on: August 16, 2024

1.2K
Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders
07:40

Generation of iPSC-derived Human Brain Organoids to Model Early Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Published on: April 14, 2017

21.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Developmental dyslexia is often characterized as a neurodevelopmental disorder, implying disrupted brain development and function.
  • This perspective suggests an abnormal and dysfunctional brain in individuals with dyslexia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the neurodevelopmental disorder view of developmental dyslexia.
  • To reframe the understanding of brain differences in individuals with reading difficulties.

Main Methods:

  • Review of neuroimaging studies focusing on correlational and group-differences.
  • Analysis of the interpretation of brain differences in relation to behavioral variations.

Main Results:

  • No evidence supports neurological abnormality in the majority of developmental dyslexia cases.
  • Observed brain differences are neural substrates of behavioral variations, not indicators of abnormality.
  • Individual differences in brain structure and function are common in typical development.

Conclusions:

  • Developmental dyslexia should be viewed as a normal variation in cognitive development, not a disorder.
  • The terms 'dysfunctional' and 'abnormal' are inappropriate for describing the brains of individuals with dyslexia.
  • Understanding dyslexia as part of the spectrum of individual differences promotes a more accurate and less stigmatizing perspective.