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Related Concept Videos

Impedance Combination01:21

Impedance Combination

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Consider a string of christmas lights, each bulb symbolizing an impedance element. In this series configuration, the flow of electric current remains uniform across every component. This behavior aligns with Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), which asserts that the total impedance in such a setup equals the sum of individual impedances—akin to resistors in series. It follows that the voltage from the power source is distributed proportionally among these components, adhering to the voltage...
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Impedances and Admittance01:23

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In the realm of AC circuits, passive circuit elements like resistors, inductors, and capacitors take on a different character when characterized by phasor voltage and current. Their behavior is expressed through impedance, a vital concept in AC circuit analysis.
Impedance is a measure of resistance to sinusoidal current flow in an AC circuit. Unlike their behavior in DC circuits, where inductors appear as short circuits and capacitors as open circuits, the behavior of these components in AC...
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Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line01:27

Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line

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Calculating series impedances for a three-phase overhead line involves evaluating resistances and inductive reactances in a network with three-phase and multiple neutral conductors grounded at regular intervals.
Using Kirchhoff's laws, an integro-differential equation for the network is derived. This equation accounts for unbalanced phase currents, which may induce return currents through neutral wires and the earth, seeking the least impedance path. Earth return conductors can replace the...
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Bus Impedance Matrix01:24

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Calculating subtransient fault currents for three-phase faults in an N-bus power system involves using the positive-sequence network. When a three-phase short circuit occurs at a specific bus, the analysis uses the superposition method to evaluate two separate circuits.
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Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
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RLC Series Circuits: Impedance01:29

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When current flow is opposed in a DC or AC circuit, it is referred to as resistance or impedance, respectively. Impedance plays a key role in determining the performance of AC circuits. It is represented by Z, which is a combination of resistance and reactance, and depends upon the angular frequency, measured in ohms.
Thus, the magnitude of the impedance is given by the following equation,
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Functionalized Thick Film Impedance Sensors for Use in In Vitro Cell Culture.

Heike Bartsch1, Martin Baca2,3, Uta Fernekorn4

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Biosensors
|April 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study explored coatings for low-impedance electrodes used in electrophysiological recordings. Titanium oxynitride coatings on thick film gold electrodes improve performance for 3D cell cultures.

Keywords:
electrophysiological recordingsfunctionalizationimpedance measurementlow temperature co-fired ceramicsthick film sensors

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • High-quality electrophysiological recordings require reliable, low-impedance electrodes for optimal cell-electrode contact.
  • Low-temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology enables rapid prototyping of bio-reactors with integrated bio-hardware interfaces.
  • Previous work demonstrated 3D thick film gold electrodes for neuronal recordings, but performance varies with small dimensions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of various coatings on the impedance characteristics of thick film gold electrodes.
  • To evaluate the suitability of functionalized electrodes for electrophysiological recordings in 3D in vitro cell cultures.

Main Methods:

  • Deposition of Polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) layer, titanium oxynitride, and laminin coatings on LTCC gold electrodes.
  • Utilized different 2D and 3D multi-electrode array (MEA) chip designs.
  • Characterization of impedance behavior, including serial resistance (Rs) and serial capacitance (Cs) at 1 kHz.

Main Results:

  • Titanium oxynitride coatings demonstrated suitable functionalization for the electrodes.
  • Small 86-µm electrodes with titanium oxynitride coatings exhibited a serial resistance of 32 kOhm and serial capacitance of 4.1 pF at 1 kHz.
  • Coated thick film gold electrodes showed improved impedance characteristics compared to uncoated ones.

Conclusions:

  • Functionalized thick film gold electrodes, particularly with titanium oxynitride, are qualified for signal recording in 3D in vitro cell cultures.
  • The choice of coating significantly influences electrode impedance, crucial for electrophysiological applications.
  • LTCC technology combined with optimized electrode coatings offers a promising platform for advanced bio-electronic interfaces.