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Related Concept Videos

Cross-Sectional Research01:50

Cross-Sectional Research

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In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
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Finding Volume Using Cross-Sectional Area01:24

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For solids whose cross-sectional areas vary in a predictable way, volume can be determined by integrating these areas along an axis perpendicular to the slices. This approach is particularly useful for polyhedral solids, where classical geometric formulas may not be immediately applicable. A tetrahedron provides a clear example of how cross-sectional integration can be applied to a three-dimensional object with continuously changing geometry.Consider a tetrahedron with height h and a base that...
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Profile leveling and cross-sections are surveying methods used to determine and document terrain elevations for infrastructure projects such as highways, railroads, canals, and pipelines. These methods provide data for earthwork planning and alignment of proposed routes.  Profile leveling involves measuring elevations along a fixed line to create a vertical terrain profile. A surveyor sets up a leveling instrument at the benchmark (BM) and records a backsight (BS) to determine the...
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
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Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin
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Cross-Sectional Analysis of Longitudinal Mediation Processes.

Kristine D O'Laughlin1, Monica J Martin2, Emilio Ferrer1

  • 1a Department of Psychology , University of California.

Multivariate Behavioral Research
|April 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cross-sectional mediation analysis may misrepresent psychological processes over time. Longitudinal mediation models better capture temporal sequences, offering more accurate insights into mediation effects in social science research.

Keywords:
cross-sectional mediationintervening variablelatent difference score modelslatent growth modelslongitudinal mediation

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Sciences
  • Statistics

Background:

  • Mediation analysis is crucial for understanding psychological mechanisms.
  • Cross-sectional data is often used for mediation analysis, despite its limitations with longitudinal processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Compare cross-sectional and longitudinal mediation models.
  • Advocate for models that accurately represent temporal sequences in mediation.

Main Methods:

  • Structural equation modeling (SEM) frameworks.
  • Cross-lagged panel, latent growth curve, and latent difference score models.
  • Comparison of cross-sectional and longitudinal mediation analyses using empirical examples.

Main Results:

  • Cross-sectional and longitudinal mediation models yielded substantially different interpretations.
  • Longitudinal models provide a more accurate representation of mediation processes over time.

Conclusions:

  • Researchers should exercise caution when using cross-sectional data for mediation analysis.
  • Longitudinal mediation models are recommended for accurately assessing temporal dynamics in psychological processes.