Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

9.4K
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
9.4K
C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

49.3K
Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
49.3K
Multiple Allele Traits01:49

Multiple Allele Traits

38.2K
The Concept of Multiple Allelism
38.2K
Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

990
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
990
Respiration Pathways01:26

Respiration Pathways

795
Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
795
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

7.5K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
7.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Associations of accelerometry-derived time in major activity intensities with cognitive outcomes: a compositional data analysis approach.

The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences·2026
Same author

Partnerships in Learning: The Rural Health Multidisciplinary Training Programme in Aged Care Services Pilot Site Evaluation.

The Australian journal of rural health·2026
Same author

Eccentricity-Dependent Reflectivity Rates-of-Change Across the Retina in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026
Same author

Sex-Specific Differences in Outcomes and Trends in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis.

Gastro hep advances·2026
Same author

A new <sup>68</sup>Ga-labeled dimeric FAP ligand to advance targeted PET imaging of cancer.

EJNMMI radiopharmacy and chemistry·2026
Same author

A Threshold in Anti-EBNA-1 Antibody Titers Distinguishes Salivary EBV Shedders From Nonshedders.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.8K

Visual Pathway Measures are Associated with Neuropsychological Function in Multiple Sclerosis.

James Nguyen1, Alissa Rothman1, Kathryn Fitzgerald1

  • 1a Department of Neurology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.

Current Eye Research
|April 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Visual function measures correlate with cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. These findings support using visual pathway assessments in MS neuroprotection trials.

Keywords:
Visual pathwaymultiple sclerosisneuropsychological assessmentoptical coherence tomographyvisual function

More Related Videos

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.1K
Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis
08:11

Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: November 14, 2016

11.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.8K
Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.1K
Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis
08:11

Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: November 14, 2016

11.6K

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease affecting the central nervous system.
  • Visual impairment is a common symptom in MS, impacting quality of life.
  • Understanding the link between visual function and cognitive decline in MS is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between visual function, retinal layer thickness, and cognitive abilities in individuals with MS.
  • To explore how different levels of contrast in visual acuity testing correlate with neuropsychological outcomes.
  • To determine if these visual measures can serve as potential biomarkers for cognitive impairment in MS.

Main Methods:

  • Ninety-five relapsing-remitting MS and 36 progressive MS patients were recruited.
  • Participants underwent comprehensive eye examinations including contrast sensitivity testing and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for retinal layer thickness.
  • Neuropsychological assessments were performed to evaluate cognitive function, including memory and processing speed.

Main Results:

  • Lower contrast letter acuity (LA) was significantly associated with poorer performance on cognitive tests such as the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R).
  • Specifically, 1.25%-contrast LA showed strong correlations with SDMT and BVMT-R recall scores across the MS cohort.
  • These associations were particularly pronounced in the relapsing-remitting MS subgroup, highlighting the sensitivity of reduced contrast vision to cognitive deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Visual pathway measures, especially visual function tests, are indicative of cognitive function in MS patients.
  • These findings suggest that visual function tests can serve as valuable, complementary outcome measures in clinical trials for MS neuroprotection.
  • Further research can validate these visual markers for early detection and monitoring of cognitive changes in MS.