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Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
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Anatomical Terminology01:20

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Knowledge of anatomy is essential to understand human biology and medicine. Anatomists and health care professionals use standard terminology to describe the human body with more precision and no ambiguity. Anatomical terms have mostly Greek and Latin-derived roots. Because these languages are rarely used in conversation, the meaning of words remains the same. Each term is made up of a root in between the prefixes and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition,...
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Anatomical Movements00:51

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

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The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
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Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

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The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
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Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft
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Biceps Tendon Sheath Injection: An Anatomical Conundrum.

Michael Gofeld1, Mark F Hurdle2, Anne Agur3

  • 1Department of Anesthesia.

Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.)
|April 11, 2018
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Injections into the long head biceps tendon sheath frequently spread into the glenohumeral joint, suggesting limited diagnostic value for biceps tendinopathy treatment. This anatomical finding may offer a simplified approach to accessing the joint capsule.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Anatomy
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Injections near the bicipital groove target the long head biceps tendon, primarily for biceps tendinopathy.
  • The biceps tendon sheath is anatomically continuous with the glenohumeral joint capsule.
  • The extent of intra-articular spread following peritendinous injections at the bicipital groove is not well-documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the injectate spread patterns following peritendinous injections at the bicipital groove.
  • To evaluate the anatomical relationship between the biceps tendon sheath and the glenohumeral joint.
  • To assess the diagnostic utility and potential implications of these injections.

Main Methods:

  • Twelve ultrasound-guided methylene blue injections into the biceps tendon sheath were performed on cadaver specimens.
  • Detailed dissection and gross examination were conducted to assess staining of internal joint surfaces.
  • Intra- and/or extra-articular spread of the injectate was visually confirmed.

Main Results:

  • Injectate spread to the entire internal joint surface, including the glenoid cartilage, was observed in 11 out of 12 specimens.
  • One specimen showed extra-articular injection, attributed to a technical anomaly.
  • The study confirmed the direct anatomical continuity between the joint capsule and the biceps tendon sheath.

Conclusions:

  • Peritendinous injections at the bicipital groove result in significant intra-articular spread.
  • The diagnostic utility of such injections for biceps tendinopathy is likely low due to this spread.
  • This approach may serve as an alternative, simplified method for accessing the glenohumeral joint.