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Related Concept Videos

Torque01:10

Torque

22.7K
Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
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Torque Free Motion01:15

Torque Free Motion

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The torque-free motion refers to the movement of a rigid body in space when no external torques are acting upon it. This type of motion can be observed in environments where there are no external forces or frictions, like in outer space. For example, a rotation of Mars in space is a torque-free motion. Mars is an axisymmetric object, meaning it has an axis of symmetry along which it rotates, designated as the z-axis. The rotating frame of reference is defined such that the center of mass of...
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Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

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When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to...
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Muscle Contraction01:15

Muscle Contraction

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96.4K
Muscle Contraction01:10

Muscle Contraction

9.0K
In skeletal muscles, acetylcholine is released by nerve terminals at the motor endplate—the point of synaptic communication between motor neurons and muscle fibers. The binding of acetylcholine to its receptors on the sarcolemma allows entry of sodium ions into the cell and triggers an action potential in the muscle cell. Thus, electrical signals from the brain are transmitted to the muscle. Subsequently, the enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine to prevent excessive...
9.0K
Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Concentration02:27

Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Concentration

66.1K
A system at equilibrium is in a state of dynamic balance, with forward and reverse reactions taking place at equal rates. If an equilibrium system is subjected to a change in conditions that affects these reaction rates differently (a stress), then the rates are no longer equal and the system is not at equilibrium. The system will subsequently experience a net reaction in the direction of a greater rate (a shift) that will re-establish the equilibrium. This phenomenon is summarized by Le...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

In Vivo Measurement of Hindlimb Dorsiflexor Isometric Torque from Pig
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In Vivo Measurement of Hindlimb Dorsiflexor Isometric Torque from Pig

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EMG-Torque Dynamics Change With Contraction Bandwidth.

Mahsa A Golkar, Kian Jalaleddini, Robert E Kearney

    IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
    |April 12, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Accurate muscle contraction models are vital for prosthetic control. This study found that ElectroMyoGram (EMG) and torque dynamics depend on contraction bandwidth, revealing non-causal components at low rates that disappear with closed-loop identification.

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    Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Neuroscience
    • Biomechanics

    Background:

    • Accurate ElectroMyoGram (EMG)-torque models are crucial for advanced prosthetic control.
    • Understanding the dynamic relationship between muscle activation and force output is key for developing intuitive control systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the dynamic relationship between surface EMG and ankle torque during isometric contractions.
    • To evaluate the effect of contraction bandwidth on EMG-torque dynamics and identify system characteristics.

    Main Methods:

    • System identification techniques were applied to surface EMG and torque data during voluntary isometric ankle contractions.
    • Subjects modulated ankle torque while tracking a pseudo-random binary sequence, with varying visual command switching times to alter contraction bandwidth.
    • Nonparametric impulse response functions (IRFs) and closed-loop identification algorithms were used to analyze the EMG-torque relationship.

    Main Results:

    • Unphysiological anticipatory (non-causal) components were observed in IRFs at low contraction bandwidths, diminishing as bandwidth increased.
    • The non-causal behavior was attributed to closed-loop system dynamics, confirmed by using a closed-loop identification algorithm which yielded causal IRFs.
    • EMG-torque dynamics accelerated, and system bandwidth increased with higher contraction modulation rates.

    Conclusions:

    • The dynamic relationship between EMG and torque is sensitive to contraction bandwidth.
    • Accurate torque prediction from EMG signals necessitates accounting for contraction bandwidth, especially in closed-loop systems.
    • Findings support the hypothesis that non-causal components arise from feedback within the neuromuscular system.