MR Imaging of the Fetal Face: Comprehensive Review

Area of Science:

• Medical imaging
• Embryology
• Pediatric radiology

Background:

• Human facial development is complex, with disruptions leading to diverse anomalies.
• These range from cleft lip to arhinia, appearing in isolation, with other abnormalities, or as part of syndromes.
• Accurate evaluation aids prognostication, counseling, and intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the role of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in evaluating fetal facial anomalies.
• To correlate MR imaging findings with embryology and clinical implications.
• To classify and describe various fetal facial structural anomalies.

Main Methods:

• Review of embryology of fetal facial structures.
• Discussion of MR imaging techniques and anatomy relevant to facial development.
• Classification and description of MR imaging features of facial anomalies.

Main Results:

• Ultrasonography (US) is primary, but MR imaging provides comprehensive evaluation when US is limited.
• Fetal facial anomalies are classified into six groups: orofacial clefts, orbital, nasal, facial masses, external ear, and abnormal face shape.
• MR imaging aids in identifying associated anomalies and informing treatment.

Conclusions:

• MR imaging is crucial for detailed assessment of fetal facial anomalies and their associations.
• Understanding embryology enhances MR imaging interpretation for these complex conditions.
• This review serves as a comprehensive resource for clinicians managing fetal facial disorders.