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Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
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Peptide Bonds

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid's carboxyl group and another amino acid's amino group combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond. The products that such linkages form are peptides. As more amino acids join this growing chain, the resulting chain is a polypeptide. Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. This end has the N-terminal, or the amino-terminal, and the other end has a free...

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

Published on: February 16, 2020

Peptide modification and cyclization via transition-metal catalysis.

Lara R Malins¹

¹Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology

|April 16, 2018

Summary

Transition-metal catalysis enables novel peptide modifications and cyclizations using amino acid reactivity. Recent advances in couplings and C-H functionalizations expand peptide chemistry for drug discovery and materials science.

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Last Updated: Feb 11, 2026

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

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A Fast and Quantitative Method for Post-translational Modification and Variant Enabled Mapping of Peptides to Genomes

Published on: May 22, 2018

Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Catalysis
Peptide Chemistry

Background:

Transition-metal catalysis offers powerful tools for modifying peptides.
Proteinogenic amino acids possess inherent reactivity amenable to catalytic functionalization.
Conventional peptide modification methods have limitations in scope and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in transition-metal catalyzed peptide modification.
To highlight key developments in heteroatom couplings, decarboxylative cross-couplings, and C-H functionalizations.
To underscore the potential of these methods in drug discovery and materials science.

Main Methods:

Focus on transition-metal catalyzed reactions.
Review of literature on heteroatom couplings, decarboxylative cross-couplings, and C-H functionalizations of peptides.
Discussion of the application of these methods to proteinogenic amino acids.

Main Results:

Significant expansion of peptide modification and cyclization strategies.
Development of novel heteroatom couplings for peptides.
Advancements in decarboxylative cross-couplings and C-H functionalizations of amino acids.
Demonstration of access to complex peptide structures.

Conclusions:

Transition-metal catalysis has revolutionized peptide modification.
These advanced methods provide access to high-value peptide targets.
The reviewed strategies hold significant promise for drug discovery and materials science applications.