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Related Concept Videos

Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
88.1K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Charge-Determined LCST/UCST Behavior in Ionic Polypeptoids.

Chao Xing1, Zhekun Shi1, Jiliang Tian1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department; School of Polymer Science and Engineering , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao , 266042 , China.

Biomacromolecules
|April 18, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Charge-determined polypeptoids exhibit tunable thermoresponsive behavior, showing both lower and upper critical solution temperature transitions. These unique polymers offer designable solutions for advanced materials applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Stimuli-responsive polymers are gaining significant attention for diverse applications.
  • Understanding polymer behavior in response to external stimuli is crucial for material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel charge-determined thermoresponsive polypeptoids.
  • To investigate the influence of charge state on polymer phase transition behavior (LCST/UCST).
  • To explore the tunability of phase transition temperatures in aqueous media.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of polypeptoids utilizing ring-opening polymerization and click chemistry.
  • Characterization of polymer properties, including phase transition temperatures.
  • Investigation of solution behavior under varying conditions (temperature, salt concentration, pH).

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized charge-determined thermoresponsive polypeptoids with tunable LCST and UCST behavior.
  • Demonstrated that side-chain charge state is the primary determinant of LCST/UCST transitions.
  • Observed that phase transition temperature is influenced by polymerization degree, side-chain architecture, and pH.
  • Polypeptoid solutions showed excellent stability across temperature and salt concentration variations.
  • Achieved a wide range of tunable cloud points in aqueous media from a single homopolymer backbone.

Conclusions:

  • This study presents the first charge-determined LCST/UCST polymers with a tunable phase transition from an identical homopolymer backbone.
  • Hydrogen-bonding interactions are proposed as a key factor governing the solution behavior of these polypeptoids.
  • These highly designable polypeptoids are promising candidates for advanced stimuli-responsive polymeric materials.