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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Smartphone Fundus Photography
Published on: July 6, 2017
Inter-Rater Reliability of Cyclotorsion Measurements Using Fundus Photography
Muriel Dysli1, Madeleine Kanku1, Ghislaine L Traber1
1Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Background:
The foveo-papillary angle (FPA) on fundus photographs is the accepted standard for the measurement of ocular cyclotorsion. We assessed the inter-rater reliability of this method in healthy subjects and in patients with trochlear nerve palsies.
Patients And Methods:
In this methodological study, fundus photographs of healthy subjects and of patients with trochlear nerve palsies were made with a fundus camera (Zeiss Fundus Camera FF 450 plus, Jena, Germany). Three independent observers measured the FPA on the fundus photographs of all subjects in synedra View (synedra View 16, Version 16.0.0.11, Innsbruck, Austria).
Results:
One hundred and four eyes of 52 subjects (26 healthy controls and 26 patients) were assessed. The mean FPA of the healthy controls was 5.80 degrees (°) [± 0.44 standard error of the mean (SEM)] compared to 11.55° (± 0.80 SEM) for patients with trochlear nerve palsies. The inter-rater reliability of all measured FPAs showed an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.98 (95% CI 0.97 - 0.98).
Conclusions:
The inter-rater reliability of objective cyclotorsion measurements using fundus photographs was very high.
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