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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Ammonia Fiber Expansion AFEX Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Published on: April 18, 2020
Sustainable green pretreatment approach to biomass-to-energy conversion using natural
Chung Loong Yiin1, Armando T Quitain2, Suzana Yusup1
1Biomass Processing Cluster, Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Chemical Engineering Department, Institute for Sustainable Living, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
Abstract:
Natural hydro-low-transition-temperature mixtures (NH-LTTMs) tend to be the most favorable next-generation green solvents for biomass pretreatment, as they are cheap and environmental friendly. The amount of water bound into the NH-LTTMs greatly affected their thermal stability, whereby the highest thermal stability was observed with the water content of 7.6 wt%. It is worth noting that, the highest molar transition energy of NH-LTTMs (47.57 kcal mol-1), which indicated the highest solubility, was optimized with the molar ratio of hydrogen bond donor (HBD)-hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA)-water (2:4:3) at a temperature of 60 °C. Hydrogen bonding networks of the NH-LTTMs, which led to the dissolution of biomass, were confirmed by the alteration in the peaks of the involved bonds and resonance signal to lower field through FTIR and 1H NMR spectra, respectively. The components evidenced in high-resolution mass spectra of extracted lignin showed its high potential to be valorized into useful fuels and chemicals.
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