Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Detection of Black Holes01:10

Detection of Black Holes

2.6K
Although black holes were theoretically postulated in the 1920s, they remained outside the domain of observational astronomy until the 1970s.
Their closest cousins are neutron stars, which are composed almost entirely of neutrons packed against each other, making them extremely dense. A neutron star has the same mass as the Sun but its diameter is only a few kilometers. Therefore, the escape velocity from their surface is close to the speed of light.
Not until the 1960s, when the first neutron...
2.6K
Power01:08

Power

13.1K
The concept of work involves force and displacement; meanwhile, the work-energy theorem relates the net work done on a body to the difference in its kinetic energy, calculated between two points on its trajectory. While none of these quantities or relations involves time explicitly, we know that the time available to accomplish work is often just as important as the amount of work itself. For example, sprinters in a race may have achieved the same velocity at the finish, therefore,...
13.1K
Sums of Power01:22

Sums of Power

78
In definite integration, Riemann sums approximate the area under a curve by dividing it into subintervals and summing the areas of rectangles. When these approximations follow predictable numerical patterns, such as arithmetic or polynomial sequences, sum formulas offer a more efficient and accurate way to compute the result. In particular, the sum of consecutive integers, squares, and cubes plays an essential role in simplifying these calculations, especially when dealing with uniform...
78
Instantaneous Power01:22

Instantaneous Power

935
Instantaneous power is important in electrical circuits, mainly when dealing with sinusoidal input. Instantaneous power, denoted as p(t), results from the multiplication of the instantaneous voltage (v(t)) across an element and the instantaneous current (i(t)) flowing through it. This relationship adheres to the passive sign convention and represents a fundamental principle in electrical engineering.
935
Complex Power01:14

Complex Power

929
Power engineers have introduced the concept of complex power to determine the cumulative effect of parallel loads. This idea plays a crucial role in power analysis because it encompasses all the details related to the power consumed by a specific load.
Complex power is defined as the multiplication of the voltage and the complex conjugate of the current. The magnitude of this power, known as apparent power, is measured in volt-amperes (VA). Notably, the angle of the complex power equates to the...
929
Electrical Power01:07

Electrical Power

3.8K
Electric power is the product of current and voltage, represented in units of joules per second, or watts. For example, cars often have one or more auxiliary power outlets with which you can charge a cell phone or other electronic devices. These outlets may be rated at 20 amps and 12 volts, so that the circuit can deliver a maximum power of 240 watts. Consider a 25 Watt bulb and a 60 Watt bulb. The conversion of electrical energy produces heat and light, while the kinetic energy lost by the...
3.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Induction of cortical on/off periods in awake mice fulfills sleep functions.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same author

Integrated information and predictive processing theories of consciousness: An adversarial collaborative review.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
Same author

Intrinsic Cause-Effect Power: The Tradeoff Between Differentiation and Specification.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Intrinsic units: identifying a system's causal grain.

Neuroscience of consciousness·2026
Same author

Precision Neuromodulation in Psychiatry: Focus on Temporal Interference Stimulation.

The American journal of psychiatry·2026
Same author

Protocol for testing global neuronal workspace and integrated information theories of consciousness in non-human primates and mice.

PloS one·2026
Same journal

Detection, communication, and individual identification with deep audio embeddings: A case study with North Atlantic right whales.

PLoS computational biology·2026
Same journal

Exploring the structural lexicon of the Proteome via Metric Geometry.

PLoS computational biology·2026
Same journal

Linking retinal sampling in neural encoding models to temporal profiles of visual processing in humans.

PLoS computational biology·2026
Same journal

CAdir: Joint clustering of cells and genes for single-cell transcriptomics with visualization-driven cluster quality assessment.

PLoS computational biology·2026
Same journal

Systematic design of auxotrophic strains and media conditions to probe metabolic functions in E. coli.

PLoS computational biology·2026
Same journal

Neuronal excitability and parameter variability in the Hodgkin-Huxley model.

PLoS computational biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment
06:50

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

Published on: December 29, 2014

12.4K

Black-boxing and cause-effect power.

William Marshall1, Larissa Albantakis1, Giulio Tononi1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Center for Sleep and Consciousness, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America.

Plos Computational Biology
|April 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study challenges reductionism by showing macro-level causation can exceed micro-level causation using integrated information (Φ). Macro systems can exhibit higher cause-effect power, revealing emergent properties at higher organization levels.

More Related Videos

Microdissection of Black Widow Spider Silk-producing Glands
09:47

Microdissection of Black Widow Spider Silk-producing Glands

Published on: January 11, 2011

16.3K
An Effective Inoculation Method for Phytophthora capsici on Black Pepper Plants
08:58

An Effective Inoculation Method for Phytophthora capsici on Black Pepper Plants

Published on: September 16, 2022

4.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 11, 2026

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment
06:50

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

Published on: December 29, 2014

12.4K
Microdissection of Black Widow Spider Silk-producing Glands
09:47

Microdissection of Black Widow Spider Silk-producing Glands

Published on: January 11, 2011

16.3K
An Effective Inoculation Method for Phytophthora capsici on Black Pepper Plants
08:58

An Effective Inoculation Method for Phytophthora capsici on Black Pepper Plants

Published on: September 16, 2022

4.0K

Area of Science:

  • Complexity science
  • Theoretical physics
  • Systems biology

Background:

  • Reductionism posits causation solely at the micro-level, neglecting macro-level emergent causation.
  • Traditional measures of causation often overlook higher-order organizational effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the reductionist view of causation by proposing and measuring macro-level cause-effect power.
  • To demonstrate that macro-level organization can exhibit greater causal efficacy than micro-level constituents.
  • To introduce integrated information (Φ) as a principled measure for quantifying intrinsic cause-effect power across scales.

Main Methods:

  • Systematically evaluated integrated information (Φ) across various spatial and temporal scales using "black box" analysis.
  • Assessed cause-effect power by examining black box inputs and outputs, abstracting away internal micro-level details.
  • Applied the framework to a Boolean network model of the fission-yeast cell-cycle.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that macro-level "black box" systems can possess higher Φ than their micro-level constituents.
  • Identified the emergence of high-order mechanisms and joint constraints at the macro level.
  • Found local maxima of Φ at specific spatiotemporal scales, corresponding to emergent properties in the yeast cell-cycle model.

Conclusions:

  • Macro-level causation can emerge and surpass micro-level causation, challenging reductionist assumptions.
  • Integrated information (Φ) provides a robust measure for identifying and quantifying emergent causal powers at different organizational levels.
  • The findings offer a new perspective for understanding complex systems and identifying key levels of organization for scientific investigation.