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Related Concept Videos

Scalar Product (Dot Product)01:11

Scalar Product (Dot Product)

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The scalar multiplication of two vectors is known as the scalar or dot product. As the name indicates, the scalar product of two vectors results in a number, that is, a scalar quantity. Scalar products are used to define work and energy relations. For example, the work that a force (a vector) performs on an object while causing its displacement (a vector) is defined as a scalar product of the force vector with the displacement vector.
The scalar product of two vectors is obtained by multiplying...
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Vector Product (Cross Product)01:17

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Vector multiplication of two vectors yields a vector product, with the magnitude equal to the product of the individual vectors multiplied by the sine of the angle between both the vectors and the direction perpendicular to both the individual vectors. As there are always two directions perpendicular to a given plane, one on each side, the direction of the vector product is governed by the right-hand thumb rule.
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Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Production Efficiency01:01

Production Efficiency

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Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
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The Dot Product01:26

The Dot Product

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Measuring how one directional quantity affects another along a specific path involves comparing their orientation and strength. When two such quantities are represented using direction and amount, a numerical result is computed to show how much one acts along the path of the other. This result comes from a rule combining both inputs' horizontal and vertical parts and adding the results.This calculation gives a single value that grows larger when both inputs point in similar directions and...
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Dot Product01:29

Dot Product

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The dot product is an essential concept in mathematics and physics.
In engineering, the dot product of any two vectors is the product of the magnitudes of the vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. It is denoted by a dot symbol between the two vectors.
Consider a vehicle pulling an object along the ground using a rope. If the rope makes an angle with the horizontal axis, the work done can be calculated using the dot product of the force applied and the object's displacement.
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Cardoon-based rennets for cheese production.

Carla Malaquias Almeida1, Isaura Simões2,3,4

  • 1Biocant, Biotechnology Innovation Center, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 4, Lote 8, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
|April 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cardoon flower extracts offer a traditional, natural alternative to animal rennet for cheese production. Recent advancements focus on standardizing these extracts and developing synthetic versions for industrial use.

Keywords:
Aspartic proteaseCynara cardunculus L.Plant-derived rennetsPowdered vegetable coagulantRecombinant cyprosinSheep and goat cheeseSynthetic cardosin B

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Biotechnology
  • Dairy Science

Background:

  • Traditional use of Cynara cardunculus flower extracts as milk coagulants in artisanal cheese production.
  • Unique properties of cardoon-coagulated cheeses suggest potential as rennet alternatives.
  • Challenges in standardizing crude extracts hinder industrial application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in cardoon-based rennets.
  • To explore strategies for overcoming standardization limitations.
  • To discuss scalable production and commercial applications of cardoon enzymes.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of strategies for developing standardized cardoon enzyme formulations.
  • Examination of heterologous production of cardosins and cyprosins.
  • Analysis of synthetic enzyme generation for milk clotting.

Main Results:

  • Development of standardized native enzyme formulations.
  • Successful heterologous production of milk-clotting enzymes.
  • Generation of synthetic cardoon-based rennets.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized and synthetic cardoon rennets offer scalable, reliable alternatives to traditional coagulants.
  • These advancements address limitations of crude extracts for industrial cheese production.
  • Emerging opportunities exist for commercial application in the dairy industry.