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Related Concept Videos

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Bulk Modulus01:21

Bulk Modulus

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The bulk modulus is a scientific term used to describe a material's resistance to uniform compression. It is the proportionality constant that links a change in pressure to the resulting relative volume change.
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Fineness Modulus01:19

Fineness Modulus

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The fineness modulus (FM) of aggregate is a numerical index that measures the coarseness or fineness of the particles. It is calculated by adding the cumulative percentages of aggregate retained on each of a specified series of sieves and dividing the sum by 100.
Consider performing sieve analysis on sand through a set of ASTM sieves. The weight of aggregate retained in each sieve and pan placed at the bottom is recorded, as given in Column B of Table 1.
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Strain and Elastic Modulus01:15

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The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...
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Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

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The dynamic modulus of elasticity assesses how a concrete structure deforms under impact or dynamic loads. It is typically higher than the static modulus of elasticity, measured under slow, steady loading conditions.
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
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Zwitterionic PEG-PC Hydrogels Modulate the Foreign Body Response in a Modulus-Dependent Manner.

Lauren E Jansen, Luke D Amer1, Esther Y-T Chen2

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States.

Biomacromolecules
|April 27, 2018
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To improve tissue engineering, researchers combined Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels with zwitterions. Unexpectedly, higher zwitterion content increased the foreign body response (FBR), suggesting modulus and chemistry must be optimized together.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Reducing the foreign body response (FBR) is crucial for biomaterial performance in tissue engineering.
  • Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels are widely used but can cause inflammation.
  • Zwitterionic materials show potential for immune evasion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and evaluate PEG hydrogels incorporating the zwitterion phosphorylcholine (PC) to reduce FBR.
  • To investigate the combined effects of zwitterionic content and hydrogel modulus on the FBR.
  • To identify proteins adsorbed to hydrogels that may drive immune cell recruitment.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized PEG hydrogels with varying wt% of phosphorylcholine (PC) comonomer.
  • Tuned hydrogel modulus (stiffness) across a range (165 to 3 kPa).
  • Assessed FBR in vivo and analyzed protein adsorption using mass spectrometry.

Main Results:

  • Hydrogels with higher PC content unexpectedly showed increased FBR.
  • Lowering hydrogel modulus and PC content significantly mitigated the FBR.
  • Macrophage density correlated with FBR, and adsorbed proteins (ECM, immune, cell adhesion) were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrogel modulus significantly influences macrophage adhesion to zwitterionic-PEG hydrogels.
  • Optimizing biomaterial design requires simultaneous consideration of chemical composition and physical properties.
  • Further research is needed to balance hydrophilicity and mechanical properties for reduced FBR.