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Related Experiment Videos

Elaborative inferences during reading: do they occur on-line?

E J O'Brien1, D M Shank, J L Myers

  • 1Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton 33431.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|July 1, 1988
PubMed
Summary
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Readers construct elaborative inferences online when context strongly suggests them. These inferences are stored in long-term memory, impacting reading comprehension.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Reading Comprehension

Background:

  • Understanding how readers process text is crucial for improving reading comprehension.
  • Elaborative inferences, which go beyond explicitly stated information, are key to deep text understanding.
  • Previous research has explored the conditions under which readers make inferences during reading.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extent to which readers construct elaborative inferences in real-time during reading.
  • To determine the role of contextual cues in triggering online elaborative inference generation.
  • To examine the long-term memory storage of these inferred elaborations.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted using reading time measures (gaze durations) to assess online processing.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Participants read texts with explicit or implicit antecedents for anaphors.
  • Contextual strength and explicit prompts for inference were manipulated across experiments.

    • Main Results:

    • Gaze durations on anaphors were longer with implicit antecedents when context was weak, suggesting inference generation.
    • Strong contextual cues led to similar processing times for implicit and explicit antecedents.
    • The presence of a "demand sentence" facilitated inference, while its absence did not.
    • Generated elaborative inferences were found to be stored in long-term memory.

    Conclusions:

    • Readers construct simple elaborative inferences online when sufficient contextual information is available.
    • Contextual strength plays a critical role in the spontaneous generation of elaborative inferences.
    • Elaborative inferences, once made, are integrated into the reader's long-term memory representation of the text.