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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Mixtures of Acids03:27

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The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
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In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely and becomes a source of almost all the hydronium ions...
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Mixtures of Acids01:19

Mixtures of Acids

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The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending on the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Structural-dynamical transition in the Wahnström mixture.

Francesco Turci1,2, Thomas Speck3, C Patrick Royall4,5,6

  • 1H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, BS8 1TL, Bristol, UK. f.turci@bristol.ac.uk.

The European Physical Journal. E, Soft Matter
|April 28, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dynamical heterogeneities in glass-forming liquids reveal a phase transition. The inactive, structure-rich phase is dominated by icosahedral order, linking local structure to mechanical rigidity.

Keywords:
Topical issue: Advances in Computational Methods for Soft Matter Systems

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Glass-forming liquids exhibit complex dynamics and structural heterogeneity.
  • Dynamical heterogeneities are crucial for understanding the glass transition.
  • The relationship between local structure and macroscopic properties remains an active research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamical phase transition in trajectory space for glass-forming liquids.
  • To explore the role of local structure in dynamical heterogeneity.
  • To connect local order to mechanical rigidity using a non-equilibrium rheological protocol.

Main Methods:

  • Simulation of a model additive mixture of Lennard-Jones particles.
  • Analysis of trajectory space to identify dynamical phases.
  • Quantification of structural and dynamical observables.
  • Application of a non-equilibrium rheological protocol.

Main Results:

  • A dynamical phase transition is identified between an active (poor in local structure) and inactive (rich in local structure) phase.
  • The inactive, low-mobility phase is characterized by dominant icosahedral order.
  • Local icosahedral order is directly linked to the emergence of mechanical rigidity.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamical heterogeneities in glass-forming liquids can be understood as a phase transition in trajectory space.
  • Icosahedral order plays a key role in the structure-rich, low-mobility phase.
  • Non-equilibrium rheology provides a means to connect microscopic structural features to macroscopic mechanical responses.