Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

1.4K
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
1.4K
Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

316
A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
316
Cognitive Dissonance01:38

Cognitive Dissonance

37.5K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
37.5K
Understanding the Self01:28

Understanding the Self

324
The self is a central aspect of human identity, encompassing an individual’s beliefs, emotions, perceptions, and experiences. It is a cognitive and psychological construct that enables individuals to interpret their traits and behaviors, influencing how they perceive themselves and interact with the world. While personality consists of stable and enduring characteristics, the self is shaped by self-perception and social experiences. This distinction highlights the dynamic nature of the...
324
Understanding Self-Concept01:20

Understanding Self-Concept

312
The self-concept encompasses individuals' beliefs about themselves, structured through cognitive frameworks known as self-schemas. These schemas function as mental representations of specific traits or behaviors, influencing how self-relevant information is perceived, processed, and remembered. For example, individuals who are schematic for body weight are more likely to interpret routine experiences—such as dining out or shopping—through the lens of that trait. Conversely, those...
312
Understanding Deception01:14

Understanding Deception

173
Deception is a pervasive aspect of human communication. Empirical studies have shown that most individuals engage in some form of deceit on a daily basis, with approximately 20% of social exchanges involving deceptive elements. Lying follows a developmental trajectory, peaking during adolescence and declining with age, possibly due to the maturation of cognitive control and social accountability.Cognitive and Social Factors in Deception DetectionDespite its prevalence, accurately detecting...
173

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Barriers to accessing mental health treatment for parents of children with intellectual disabilities: a preliminary study.

Disability and rehabilitation·2019
Same author

Fearless Me!<sup>©</sup> : A feasibility case series of cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with intellectual disability.

Journal of clinical psychology·2019
Same author

Putting the C into CBT: Cognitive challenging with adults with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities and anxiety disorders.

Clinical psychology & psychotherapy·2018
Same author

A review of cognitive impairments in children with intellectual disabilities: Implications for cognitive behaviour therapy.

The British journal of clinical psychology·2017
Same author

An inorganic qualitative and quantitative analysis of green stain.

Journal of the American Dental Association (1939)·1955

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Shuttle Box Assay as an Associative Learning Tool for Cognitive Assessment in Learning and Memory Studies using Adult Zebrafish
08:35

Shuttle Box Assay as an Associative Learning Tool for Cognitive Assessment in Learning and Memory Studies using Adult Zebrafish

Published on: July 12, 2021

5.0K

Using learning flexibly and remembering after a delay: understanding cognitive dysfunction in adults with Down

L Roberts1, J L Richmond2

  • 1Discipline of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.

Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : JIDR
|April 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Adults with Down syndrome (DS) show slower learning and difficulty flexibly using information, despite good recognition memory. These findings highlight cognitive challenges in DS and inform training programs.

Keywords:
Down syndromeencodinglearningmemoryrelationalretention

More Related Videos

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice
09:15

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Published on: February 4, 2015

28.5K
Author Spotlight: Improving Anesthesia Protocols for Enhanced Mouse Acupuncture Research
03:26

Author Spotlight: Improving Anesthesia Protocols for Enhanced Mouse Acupuncture Research

Published on: December 8, 2023

1.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Shuttle Box Assay as an Associative Learning Tool for Cognitive Assessment in Learning and Memory Studies using Adult Zebrafish
08:35

Shuttle Box Assay as an Associative Learning Tool for Cognitive Assessment in Learning and Memory Studies using Adult Zebrafish

Published on: July 12, 2021

5.0K
The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice
09:15

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Published on: February 4, 2015

28.5K
Author Spotlight: Improving Anesthesia Protocols for Enhanced Mouse Acupuncture Research
03:26

Author Spotlight: Improving Anesthesia Protocols for Enhanced Mouse Acupuncture Research

Published on: December 8, 2023

1.9K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Episodic memory deficits are common in Down syndrome (DS).
  • Specific cognitive processes underlying these deficits, such as encoding, retention, and flexible use of information, are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate encoding, retention, and flexible information use in adults with DS.
  • To compare cognitive abilities in adults with DS to mental age-matched controls.

Main Methods:

  • Administered a relational memory and inference task to adults with DS and controls.
  • Assessed performance immediately and after a 24-hour delay.

Main Results:

  • Adults with DS learned paired associates more slowly than controls.
  • Recognition memory was intact at both immediate and delayed tests for adults with DS.
  • Adults with DS demonstrated less flexible use of relational learning for inferential judgments compared to controls.

Conclusions:

  • Adults with DS exhibit deficits in encoding new information and flexibly utilizing learned information.
  • Findings have implications for designing effective workplace training and intervention strategies for individuals with Down syndrome.