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Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Rates of Change01:20

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The rate of change is a central concept in mathematics that quantifies how one variable varies in response to another. It serves as a foundational tool in modeling dynamic systems across disciplines such as physics, biology, economics, and engineering. Understanding both average and instantaneous rates of change enables the analysis of behavior in functions that describe real-world phenomena.Average Rate of ChangeFor a function f(x) defined over an interval [x1,x2], the average rate of change...
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Work Done During Volume Change01:17

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In mechanics, work is done on an object when the force acting on it displaces the object. In thermodynamics, work done on a system can be estimated when the system's volume changes during any thermodynamic process.
Consider a gas confined to a cylinder fitted with a movable piston at one end. If the gas expands from volume V1 to volume V2, it exerts a force on the piston, such that the piston moves by a distance dr.
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Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature02:19

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Consistent with the law of mass action, an equilibrium stressed by a change in concentration will shift to re-establish equilibrium without any change in the value of the equilibrium constant, K. When an equilibrium shifts in response to a temperature change, however, it is re-established with a different relative composition that exhibits a different value for the equilibrium constant.
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What has changed in canine pyoderma? A narrative review.

A Loeffler1, D H Lloyd1

  • 1Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK.

Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997)
|April 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Multidrug-resistant bacteria, like methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS), challenge canine pyoderma treatment. Updated strategies focusing on diagnostics, owner education, and addressing underlying causes are crucial for antimicrobial stewardship.

Keywords:
Antimicrobial resistanceCanineMethicillin resistancePyodermaStaphylococcus spp.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Dermatology
  • Microbiology
  • Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

  • Canine pyoderma is a common skin infection often treated with systemic antimicrobials.
  • Historically manageable, pyoderma treatment is now complicated by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS).
  • Rising antimicrobial resistance and the zoonotic potential of MRS pose public health concerns, necessitating updated management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of MRS on canine pyoderma management.
  • To update traditional treatment recommendations for improved antimicrobial stewardship.
  • To explore new strategies for controlling and treating bacterial skin infections in dogs.

Main Methods:

  • This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on canine pyoderma.
  • It examines clinical characteristics, pathogens, and diagnostic techniques for identifying MDR pathogens.
  • The review evaluates novel treatment and control approaches, including owner education and hygiene.

Main Results:

  • MRS significantly limits effective treatment options for canine pyoderma.
  • Antimicrobial stewardship is essential due to resistance and zoonotic potential.
  • Topical therapies, cytology, and bacterial culture offer opportunities for stewardship.
  • Identifying and correcting underlying causes of pyoderma is key to long-term success and preventing recurrence.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of canine pyoderma requires adapting to the challenge of MRS.
  • A focus on early identification of MDR pathogens, judicious antimicrobial use, and addressing underlying conditions is paramount.
  • Integrating owner education and hygiene practices supports antimicrobial stewardship and limits resistance spread.