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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Using diffusion anisotropy to study cerebral cortical gray matter development.

Christopher D Kroenke1

  • 1Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, and Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|April 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diffusion-weighted MRI (diffusion MRI) tracks brain development by analyzing cell morphology. This technique shows promise for detecting abnormal neural development in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Keywords:
BrainDiffusion MRIFetusNeuron

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Abnormal cerebral cortical neuron morphology is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Diffusion MRI offers a non-invasive method to study cellular development in the brain.
  • Understanding brain development is crucial for identifying early signs of neurological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the theoretical framework for analyzing diffusion MRI data.
  • To present quantitative methods for validating diffusion MRI interpretations with light microscopy.
  • To demonstrate the utility of diffusion MRI in detecting abnormal neural development in preclinical models.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical modeling for diffusion MRI data analysis.
  • Overview of quantitative validation methods using light microscopy.
  • Application of diffusion MRI in animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Main Results:

  • Diffusion MRI precisely characterizes developmental changes in water diffusion anisotropy.
  • Diffusion MRI successfully detected abnormal neural development in preclinical models.
  • Initial efforts show potential for translating findings to human studies.

Conclusions:

  • Diffusion MRI is sensitive to abnormal cellular development in neurodevelopmental disorder models.
  • Diffusion MRI may offer a novel strategy for early detection of brain development abnormalities in humans.