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Related Concept Videos

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Histone Modification02:32

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Chromatin Packaging02:21

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Measuring Single-Cell Aging with an Imaging-based Biomarker of Chromatin and Epigenetic Aging
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Single-Cell Chromatin Modification Profiling Reveals Increased Epigenetic Variations with Aging.

Peggie Cheung1, Francesco Vallania2, Hayley C Warsinske2

  • 1Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Cell
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Summary

Chromatin modifications in human immune cells vary by cell type and age. Aging increases individual differences and cell variability in these crucial epigenetic marks.

Keywords:
Epigeneticsagingcell identitychromatin modificationsheritabilityhistonesimmune systemmass cytometrytranscriptional noisetwins

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Chromatin modifications regulate DNA-templated processes.
  • Understanding immune cell chromatin variability is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Profile chromatin modifications in human immune cells.
  • Investigate age-related changes and heritability.

Main Methods:

  • Multiplexed mass cytometry for single-cell analysis.
  • Analysis of primary human immune cells and a twin cohort.

Main Results:

  • Distinct cell-type and lineage-specific chromatin patterns observed.
  • Aging increases inter-individual heterogeneity and cell-to-cell variability.
  • Chromatin modifications show heritability, but aging effects are non-heritable.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a platform for chromatin and immunology research.
  • Aging significantly impacts chromatin modifications in immune cells.