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Related Concept Videos

Impedance Combination01:21

Impedance Combination

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Consider a string of christmas lights, each bulb symbolizing an impedance element. In this series configuration, the flow of electric current remains uniform across every component. This behavior aligns with Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), which asserts that the total impedance in such a setup equals the sum of individual impedances—akin to resistors in series. It follows that the voltage from the power source is distributed proportionally among these components, adhering to the voltage...
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Impedances and Admittance01:23

Impedances and Admittance

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In the realm of AC circuits, passive circuit elements like resistors, inductors, and capacitors take on a different character when characterized by phasor voltage and current. Their behavior is expressed through impedance, a vital concept in AC circuit analysis.
Impedance is a measure of resistance to sinusoidal current flow in an AC circuit. Unlike their behavior in DC circuits, where inductors appear as short circuits and capacitors as open circuits, the behavior of these components in AC...
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Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line01:27

Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line

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Calculating series impedances for a three-phase overhead line involves evaluating resistances and inductive reactances in a network with three-phase and multiple neutral conductors grounded at regular intervals.
Using Kirchhoff's laws, an integro-differential equation for the network is derived. This equation accounts for unbalanced phase currents, which may induce return currents through neutral wires and the earth, seeking the least impedance path. Earth return conductors can replace the...
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Bus Impedance Matrix01:24

Bus Impedance Matrix

538
Calculating subtransient fault currents for three-phase faults in an N-bus power system involves using the positive-sequence network. When a three-phase short circuit occurs at a specific bus, the analysis uses the superposition method to evaluate two separate circuits.
In the first circuit, all machine voltage sources are short-circuited, leaving only the prefault voltage source at the fault location. The positive-sequence bus impedance matrix can be determined by solving the nodal equations,...
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Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

462
Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
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RLC Series Circuits: Impedance01:29

RLC Series Circuits: Impedance

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When current flow is opposed in a DC or AC circuit, it is referred to as resistance or impedance, respectively. Impedance plays a key role in determining the performance of AC circuits. It is represented by Z, which is a combination of resistance and reactance, and depends upon the angular frequency, measured in ohms.
Thus, the magnitude of the impedance is given by the following equation,
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Voltage Biasing, Cyclic Voltammetry, & Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Neural Interfaces
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A CMOS Self-Contained Quadrature Signal Generator for SoC Impedance Spectroscopy.

Alejandro Márquez1, Jorge Pérez-Bailón2, Belén Calvo3

  • 1Group of Electronic Design, Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (GDE-I3A), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. amarquez@unizar.es.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a low-power, integrated quadrature signal generator for system-on-chip impedance spectroscopy. The device offers wide frequency tuning and low power consumption, ideal for portable sensing applications.

Keywords:
CMOS integrated circuitsimpedance spectroscopylow-powerphase sensitive detectionprogrammable quadrature oscillator

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Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation
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In Situ Lithiated Reference Electrode: Four Electrode Design for In-operando Impedance Spectroscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Microelectronics
  • Instrumentation

Background:

  • Impedance spectroscopy requires precise signal generation for accurate measurements.
  • Existing solutions may lack integration, power efficiency, or frequency tunability for System-on-Chip (SoC) applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a low-power, fully integrated quadrature signal generator for SoC impedance spectroscopy.
  • To demonstrate its capability for wide-range, accurate frequency tuning and low power consumption.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a self-contained oscillator in 0.18 µm-1.8 V CMOS technology.
  • Implemented digital frequency tuning from 10 to 345 kHz with 12-bit accuracy.
  • Validated the design using two impedance spectrometry examples.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a relative mean frequency error below 1.7%.
  • Demonstrated good magnitude and phase recovery compared to a commercial LCR-meter.
  • Exhibited total power consumption below 0.77 mW and an active area of 0.129 mm².

Conclusions:

  • The proposed quadrature signal generator is a highly suitable stimulation module for instrument-on-a-chip devices.
  • Its low power, small area, and wide frequency tuning support diverse impedance sensing applications.