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    This study introduces a novel Angle of Arrival (AOA) detector for Visible Light Positioning (VLP) systems. The sensor accurately estimates light angles using a simple aperture and photodiode, enabling precise indoor positioning with LED illumination.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Indoor Positioning Systems
    • Sensor Technology

    Background:

    • White LEDs are increasingly used for indoor illumination, creating opportunities for Visible Light Positioning (VLP).
    • Accurate indoor positioning requires small, unobtrusive sensors for mobile devices.
    • Triangulation-based VLP systems rely on precise angle measurements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present experimental results for a novel Angle of Arrival (AOA) detector designed for VLP systems.
    • To demonstrate a sensor capable of accurate AOA estimation for indoor navigation.
    • To address the challenge of developing compact sensors for mobile VLP applications.

    Main Methods:

    • A novel AOA detector comprising a transparent aperture above a quadrant photodiode (PD) separated by a known vertical distance was designed.
    • Light from an LED passing through the aperture creates a spot on the PD, enabling angle calculation.
    • The position of the light spot and aperture-PD distance determine incident and polar angles.

    Main Results:

    • Experimental results validate the prototype detector's capability for accurate AOA estimation.
    • Root mean square errors (rMSE) for AOA estimation were below 0.11° across all test positions.
    • A high precision was achieved, with 90% of positions showing an rMSE of less than 0.07°.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed AOA detector is suitable for integration into mobile devices for VLP systems.
    • The sensor design offers a practical solution for accurate angle measurement in indoor environments.
    • The experimental findings confirm the effectiveness of the proposed detector for precise VLP applications.