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Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

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Evaluation of optional fee structures for solid waste management in China.

Yun-Ga Wu¹, Zhu-Jie Chu², Jun Zhuang³

¹1 School of Management, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.

Waste Management & Research : the Journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA

|May 3, 2018

Summary

Municipal solid waste fees are key for global waste management. This study compares waste charging models, recommending pilot projects and improved regulations for effective implementation.

Keywords:

Municipal solid waste comparative study ration charge mode unit-pricing mode waste charging

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Area of Science:

Environmental Policy
Public Administration
Waste Management Economics

Background:

Municipal solid waste fees are a global governmental tool for waste management.
Ecological environmental compensation theory provides a framework for evaluating waste charging policies.

Purpose of the Study:

To construct an analytical framework for waste charging policy evaluation.
To compare the operability, feasibility, validity, rationality, and universality of ration charge and unit-pricing waste charging modes.

Main Methods:

Public policy evaluation framework based on ecological environmental compensation theory.
Comparative analysis of two waste charging modes: ration charge and unit-pricing.

Main Results:

The study identified key factors influencing the effectiveness of waste charging models.
Specific conditions favoring pilot projects were determined for cities with high waste production and disposal rates.

Conclusions:

Governmental implementation of waste charging requires careful consideration of different models.
Improving associated laws and regulations is crucial for successful waste management fee systems.