Abscess due to textiloma (gossypiboma: Retained surgical cottonoid)

Surgical site infections following spinal surgery, including spinal abscesses, are rare but serious as they are major causes of morbidity, and even mortality. They are, however, rarely attributed to infected, retained surgical cottonoids or sponges (textiloma or gossypiboma) inadvertently left in an operative field.

A 53-year-old female with a history of two prior spinal operations at the L4-S1 levels (11 and 2 years previously) presented over a few weeks with the acute onset of a cauda equina syndrome (e.g., paraparesis and acute urinary incontinence). The patient demonstrated a mildly elevated white blood cell count (12,600/mm³) and abnormally increased C-reactive protein level that correlated with the magnetic resonance imaging that showed a dorsal epidural abscess extending from the L4 to S1 levels. At surgery, an encapsulated posterior epidural abscess was drained. Surgical findings included a granulomatous lesion consistent with a retained surgical cottonoid and was removed from the antero-inferior portion of the abscess wall at S1. Culture of the thick fibrotic abscess wall grew Klebsiella oxytoca. After 2 months of ciprofloxacin, the patient's infection cleared but the motor deficit only partially resolved.

Most spinal textilomas (gossypibomas) are aseptic and are found in paraspinal areas without neurological symptoms or sequelae. These lesions may remain silent for years and may only rarely cause neurologic or infectious symptoms/signs. Notably, textilomas following spinal surgery may be largely avoided if proper cottonoid and sponge counts are done prior to closing spinal wounds.