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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Phylum Cyanobacteria01:30

Bacterial Phylum Cyanobacteria

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Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of oxygenic, phototrophic bacteria that played a pivotal role in converting Earth’s atmosphere from anoxic to oxygen-rich billions of years ago. They exhibit remarkable morphological diversity, ranging from unicellular forms to filamentous types, with cell sizes varying between 0.5 μm and 100 μm. Cyanobacteria are classified into five groups: Chroococcales (unicellular, dividing by binary fission), Pleurocapsales (unicellular, dividing by...
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Directing Effect of Substituents: ortho–para-Directing Groups01:14

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Ortho–para directors are substituent groups attached to the benzene ring and direct the addition of an electrophile to the positions ortho or para to the substituent. All electron-donating groups are considered ortho–para directors. They donate electrons to the ring and make the ring more electron-rich. The ring is therefore susceptible to the addition of electrophiles. Substituents such as amino, hydroxy, or alkoxy, containing lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the ring, donate...
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Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
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Determination of the Glycogen Content in Cyanobacteria
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Toolboxes for cyanobacteria: Recent advances and future direction.

Tao Sun1, Shubin Li1, Xinyu Song2

  • 1Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, PR China.

Biotechnology Advances
|May 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Photosynthetic cyanobacteria offer a sustainable chassis for producing chemicals from CO2. Developing advanced genetic tools is crucial to overcome limitations and unlock their full potential for industrial applications.

Keywords:
CRISPR/CasCyanobacteriaGenetic toolsGenome-scale modelingLarge-scale cultivationPromotersRibosome binding siteRiboswitchesSmall RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • * Microbiology and Synthetic Biology: Focus on photosynthetic cyanobacteria as key primary producers and model organisms.
  • * Biotechnology: Exploration of cyanobacteria for carbon-neutral microbial cell factories.
  • * Biochemistry: Understanding photosynthesis and elemental cycling in these organisms.

Background:

  • * Cyanobacteria are vital primary producers and model organisms for photosynthesis and element cycling research.
  • * Their ability to utilize CO2 makes them promising for developing renewable, carbon-neutral microbial cell factories.
  • * Significant progress has been made in producing fuels and chemicals from CO2 using cyanobacteria, indicating scale-up potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To critically review recent advances in the development and application of genetic tools for cyanobacteria.
  • * To identify technical limitations hindering research and industrial applications of cyanobacterial systems.
  • * To discuss future directions and toolboxes for large-scale cultivation of cyanobacteria.

Main Methods:

  • * Comprehensive literature review of recent developments in cyanobacterial genetic tools.
  • * Analysis of advancements in promoters, riboswitches, ribosome binding site engineering, CRISPR/Cas systems, and small RNA regulatory tools.
  • * Inclusion of genome-scale modeling strategies and toolboxes for large-scale cultivation.

Main Results:

  • * Despite limitations compared to heterotrophic chassis like E. coli, significant progress has been made in cyanobacterial genetic tool development.
  • * New tools enable enhanced gene expression tuning, carbon flux redirection, and genome-wide manipulations.
  • * Successful production of over two dozen fuels and chemicals directly from CO2 has been achieved.

Conclusions:

  • * Advanced genetic tools are essential for overcoming current technical hurdles in cyanobacterial research and applications.
  • * Continued development of these tools will accelerate the use of cyanobacteria as sustainable microbial cell factories.
  • * Focus on toolboxes suitable for large-scale cultivation is critical for future industrial implementation.